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Chemical reactions responsible for release of acrolein include heat\u2010induced dehydration of glycerol, retro\u2010aldol cleavage of dehydrated carbohydrates, lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and Strecker degradation of methionine and threonine. Smoking of tobacco products equals or exceeds the total human exposure to acrolein from all other sources. The main endogenous sources of acrolein are myeloperoxidase\u2010mediated degradation of threonine and amine oxidase\u2010mediated degradation of spermine and spermidine, which may constitute a significant source of acrolein in situations of oxidative stress and inflammation. Acrolein is metabolized by conjugation with glutathione and excreted in the urine as mercapturic acid metabolites. Acrolein forms Michael adducts with ascorbic acid\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , but the biological relevance of this reaction is not clear. The biological effects of acrolein are a consequence of its reactivity towards biological nucleophiles such as guanine in DNA and cysteine, lysine, histidine, and arginine residues in critical regions of nuclear factors, proteases, and other proteins. Acrolein adduction disrupts the function of these biomacromolecules which may result in mutations, altered gene transcription, and modulation of apoptosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,17]],"date-time":"2008-01-17T18:07:19Z","timestamp":1200593239000},"page":"7-25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":696,"title":["Acrolein: Sources, metabolism, and biomolecular interactions relevant to human health and disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Jan F.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia S.","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","unstructured":"Chevreul E. 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