{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:41:17Z","timestamp":1791420077176,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,16]],"date-time":"2009-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1253059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Nutrition Food Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Phthalate esters are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that in general display low\u2010toxicity. Overall, the reproductive effects of these compounds are well characterized in adult's animals, with gonadal injury observed after high dose exposure. However, results of recent transgeneration studies indicate that the reproductive system of developing animals is particularly vulnerable to certain phthalates. The phenotypic alterations observed in male offspring rats exposed during the perinatal period have remarkable similarities with common human reproductive disorders, including cryptorchidism, hypospadias and low\u2010sperm counts. Recent results also indicate that high phthalate doses can adversely affect adult and developing female rats. However, the main question involving phthalates is whether the current level of human exposure is sufficient to adversely affect male and\/or female reproductive health. Here, we review the reproductive toxicity data of phthalates in adult and developing animals as well as possible modes of action. In addition, we briefly discuss the relevance of animal studies to humans in light of recent epidemiological data and experimental research with low (human relevant) doses. Finally, we point out some critical issues that should be addressed in order to clarify the implications of phthalates for human reproduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200800312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,16]],"date-time":"2009-09-16T18:19:52Z","timestamp":1253125192000},"page":"148-157","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":325,"title":["Reproductive toxicity of phthalate esters"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Anderson Joel","family":"Martino\u2010Andrade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Chahoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(02)00032-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14356007.a20_181"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","first-page":"23","article-title":"Migration of phthalates from plastic products to model solutions","volume":"27","author":"Bosnir J.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Coll. Antropol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026520300283487"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/1438-4639-00309"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-005-3218-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/1438-4639-00205"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6074"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6723"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","first-page":"40","article-title":"Restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations (phthalates in toys and childcare articles) directive 2005\/84\/EC","volume":"344","author":"European Commission","year":"2005","journal-title":"Off. J. Eur. Union"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.824577","article-title":"Testicular effects of phthalate esters","volume":"45","author":"Gangolli S. D.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3430187"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-008X(88)80012-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1996.0055"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","first-page":"130","article-title":"Acute and subacute toxicity of di\u2010(2\u2010ethylhexyl) phthalate with note upon its metabolism","volume":"27","author":"Shaffer C. B.","year":"1945","journal-title":"J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2797(81)90134-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.2.6479"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(88)90366-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(92)90374-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exmp.1993.1016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0305977101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3430188"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(87)90011-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(89)90024-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2004.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(82)90119-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(76)90038-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-9556(25)07975-9","article-title":"Differences in urinary metabolic profile from di\u2010n\u2010butyl phthalate\u2010treated rats and hamsters. A possible explanation for species differences in susceptibility to testicular atrophy","volume":"11","author":"Foster P. M.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","first-page":"49","article-title":"Subchronic toxicity of Di(2\u2010ethylhexyl)phthalate in common marmosets: lack of hepatic peroxisome proliferation, testicular atrophy, or pancreatic acinar cell hyperplasia","volume":"42","author":"Kurata Y.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/56.1.181"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390600630054"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3430197"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9490"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/58.2.350"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/43.1.47"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/55.1.143"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(00)00105-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109229"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/58.2.339"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(01)00201-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfh169"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.104.039404"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2003.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2005.00563.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg273"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.2000.8972"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.5.972"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Opinion of the scientific panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (afc) on a request from the commission related to bis(2\u2010ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) for use in food contact materials. Question N\u00b0 EFSA\u2010Q\u20102003\u2010191","volume":"243","author":"European Food and safety Authority (EFSA)","year":"2005","journal-title":"The EFSA J."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl049"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2005.00574.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(01)00298-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfi011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019262339802600208"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfj128"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl035"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1994.1200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1191\/074823399678846664","article-title":"Administration of potentially antiandrogenic pesticides (procymidone, linuron, iprodione, chlozolinate, p,p'\u2010DDE, and ketoconazole) and toxic substances (dibutyl\u2010 and diethylhexyl phthalate, PCB 169, and ethane dimethane sulphonate) during sexual differentiation produces diverse profiles of reproductive malformations in the male rat","volume":"15","author":"Gray L. E.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(88)90286-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_2","first-page":"180","volume-title":"Global assessment of the state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010science of endocrine disruptors","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1994.1201"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.2001.9156"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_2","unstructured":"Schilling K. Gembardt C. Hellwig J. Di\u20102\u2010ethylhexyl phthalate \u2010 Two\u2010generation reproduction toxicity study in Wistar rats; Continous dietary administration Experimental Toxicology and Ecology BASF Aktiengesellschaft2001 70R0491\/97139."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(02)00423-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5658"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.07.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8985"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_2","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program (NTP) Diethylhexyl phthalate: multigenerational reproductive assessment by continuous breeding when administered to Sprague\u2010Dawley rats in the diet Research Triangle Park NC NTP Study Number: RACB980042004."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2007.00837.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfm069"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfn077"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102605.2008.00939.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11146"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfm049"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.EDE.0000059950.11836.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2004.tb02790.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000235996.89953.d7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6202"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg254"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.00925.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108895"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2007.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.113-a504"}],"container-title":["Molecular Nutrition &amp; Food Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmnfr.200800312","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mnfr.200800312","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T06:34:34Z","timestamp":1739342074000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mnfr.200800312"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mnfr.200800312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mnfr.200800312","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-4125","1613-4133"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-4125","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-4133","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]}}}