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Studies done <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> suggest that \u03b1T can become phosphorylated and \u03b1TP dephosphorylated, suggesting the existence of enzyme(s) with \u03b1T kinase or \u03b1TP phosphatase activity, respectively. As a supplement in animal studies, \u03b1TP can reach plasma concentrations similar to \u03b1T and only a part is dephosphorylated; thus, \u03b1TP may act both as pro\u2010vitamin E, but also as phosphorylated form of vitamin E with possibly novel regulatory activities. Many effects of \u03b1TP have been described: in the test tube \u03b1TP modulates the activity of several enzymes; in cell culture \u03b1TP affects proliferation, apoptosis, signal transduction, and gene expression; in animal studies \u03b1TP prevents atherosclerosis, ischemia\/reperfusion injury, and induces hippocampal long\u2010term potentiation. At the molecular level, \u03b1TP may act as a cofactor for enzymes, as an active lipid mediator similar to other phosphorylated lipids, or indirectly by altering membrane characteristics such as lipid rafts, fluidity, and curvature. In this review, the molecular and cellular activities of \u03b1TP are examined and the possible functions of \u03b1TP as a natural compound, cofactor and active lipid mediator involved in signal transduction and gene expression discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200900404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,18]],"date-time":"2010-02-18T13:55:08Z","timestamp":1266501308000},"page":"679-692","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["\u03b1\u2010Tocopheryl phosphate \u2013 An active lipid mediator?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Jean\u2010Marc","family":"Zingg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Meydani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Azzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.56.1458.650"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.1.45"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1987.tb23761.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(93)90189-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867043365332"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0258rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.4.703"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2002183"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2006.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138955707780619608"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2006.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","first-page":"207","article-title":"Studies on the intestinal hydrolysis of tocopheryl esters","volume":"46","author":"Muller D. 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