{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T13:43:31Z","timestamp":1775051011179,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,3]],"date-time":"2010-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1272844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Nutrition Food Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>India is located between 8.4 and 37.6\u00b0N latitude with the majority of its population living in regions experiencing ample sunlight throughout the year. Historically, Indians obtained most of their vitamin D through adequate sun exposure; however, darker skin pigmentation and the changes which have accompanied India's modernization, including increased hours spent working indoors and pollution, limit sun exposure for many. Inadequate sun exposure results in reduced vitamin D synthesis and ultimately poor vitamin D status if not compensated by dietary intake. Dietary vitamin D intake is very low in India because of low consumption of vitamin D rich foods, absence of fortification and low use of supplements. All these factors contribute to poor vitamin D status as measured by low circulating levels of 25\u2010hydroxy vitamin D. Our review searches the published literature specific to India for evidence that would confirm the need to fortify food staples with vitamin D or stimulate public health policies for vitamin D supplementation and dietary guidelines tailored to the Indian diet. This review documents findings of widespread vitamin D deficiency in Indian populations in higher and lower socioeconomic strata, in all age groups, in both genders and people in various professions. Moreover, poor vitamin D status in India is accompanied by increased bone disorders including osteoporosis, osteomalacia in adults and rickets and other bone deformities in children. Without a concerted national effort to screen for vitamin D status, to implement policies or guidelines for vitamin D fortification and\/or supplementation and to re\u2010assess recommended dietary intake guidelines, dramatic increase in the number of bone disorders and other diseases may lie ahead.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200900480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,3]],"date-time":"2010-05-03T23:49:46Z","timestamp":1272930586000},"page":"1134-1147","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Modern India and the vitamin D dilemma: Evidence for the need of a national food fortification program"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Uma S.","family":"Babu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mona S.","family":"Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","first-page":"40","article-title":"Vitamin D status in India \u2013 its implications and remedial measures","volume":"57","author":"Harinarayan C. V.","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0626-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2007.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.2.310"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.2.491S"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2146"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29449"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.2.317"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.604"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-0916-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2008.00145.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","first-page":"15","article-title":"High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in young children in a highly sunny humid country: a global health problem","volume":"61","author":"Bener A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1710S"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_2","first-page":"359","article-title":"High prevalence of low dietary calcium and low vitamin D status in healthy south Indians","volume":"13","author":"Harinarayan C. V.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_2","first-page":"298","article-title":"Bone mineral parameters in healthy young Indian adults with optimal vitamin D availability","volume":"16","author":"Tandon N.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Natl. Med. J. India"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.2.477"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03360.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.4.1062"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.87.2.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)90214-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03040308"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1703-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1995.tb02043.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507831758"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.5.1060"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-003-1491-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-005-0233-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26182"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_2","first-page":"219","article-title":"Nutritional bone disease in Indian population","volume":"127","author":"Teotia S. P. S.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.59.696.649"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114599001683"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.1.123"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/123.12.2122","article-title":"High fiber diets slow bone turnover in young men but have no effect on efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption","volume":"123","author":"O'Brien K. O.","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600717"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.291.6503.1166"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_2","first-page":"438","article-title":"Observations on the dietary practices of Asians in the United Kingdom","volume":"36","author":"Stephens W. P.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Hum. Nutr. Appl. Nutr."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_2","first-page":"211","article-title":"Vitamin D status in Andhra Pradesh: a population based study","volume":"127","author":"Harinarayan C. V.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1647-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_2","volume-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D and Fluoride","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_2","first-page":"100","article-title":"Management of osteoporosis: the Indian perspective","volume":"14","author":"Handa R.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Calcium"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_2","first-page":"263","article-title":"Osteoporosis in Indians","volume":"127","author":"Malhotra N.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.2.472"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2007.059113"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2006.tb09833.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_2","first-page":"891","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in South Asia","volume":"24","author":"Masood SH I. M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_2","unstructured":"Khalsa S. The vitamin D revolution: How the power of this amazing vitamin can change your life.Wisdom Magazine.Article 867 3\/2\/2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_2","first-page":"218","article-title":"Breastfeeding: benefits and implications. Part two","volume":"78","author":"Thompson J.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Community Pract."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2491"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_2","first-page":"897","article-title":"Subclinical hypovitaminosis D among exclusively breastfed young infants","volume":"44","author":"Bhalala U.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/76fe5e12-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-008-0124-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e31819dba91"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.560"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-009-0012-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/116.4.499"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90067-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mop.0000125070.51974.9d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508055712"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992289203101111"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2000.109009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1998.10718814"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_2","first-page":"227","article-title":"Persistence of vitamin D\u2010deficiency rickets in Toronto in the 1990s","volume":"87","author":"Binet A.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can. J. Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(89)80784-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1626-1-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(99)70137-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pec.0000199559.96356.3d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.069575"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-005-1757-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(01)00169-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1862"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.2.264"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.4.1114"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.4.1130"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26890"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0650-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.4.908"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0539"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2009.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5359.53164"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.16.1730"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507725163"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.15.1629"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.6.1586"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.12.1340"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2005.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2308"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2006.12.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.2.513S"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26415"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_2","first-page":"235","article-title":"The burden of cardiovascular disease in the Indian subcontinent","volume":"124","author":"Goyal A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2006.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(02)00692-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.1.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.1.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/49.4.201"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_100_2","first-page":"1076","article-title":"Vitamin D level in slum children of Delhi","volume":"41","author":"Tiwari L.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_101_2","first-page":"755","article-title":"Presence of 25(OH) D deficiency in a rural North Indian village despite abundant sunshine","volume":"56","author":"Goswami R.","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.14.6.665"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2005.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_104_2","first-page":"226","article-title":"Nutritional adequacy of boys in orphanages","volume":"33","author":"Khan S.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(99)00103-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_106_2","first-page":"247","article-title":"Hypocalcemia due to vitamin D deficiency in exclusively breastfed infants","volume":"43","author":"Balasubramanian S.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2003.63"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(01)00724-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1998.tb01739.x"}],"container-title":["Molecular Nutrition &amp; Food Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmnfr.200900480","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmnfr.200900480","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mnfr.200900480","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T14:12:34Z","timestamp":1740060754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mnfr.200900480"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mnfr.200900480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mnfr.200900480","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-4125","1613-4133"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-4125","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-4133","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]}}}