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While there is genetic susceptibility to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IBD<\/jats:styled-content>, the probability of disease development is modified by diet, lifestyle, and endogenous factors, including the gut microbiota. For example, high intakes of mono\u2010 and disaccharides, and total fats consistently increases the risk developing both forms of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IBD<\/jats:styled-content>. High vegetable intake reduces the risk of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UC<\/jats:styled-content>, whereas increased fruit and\/or dietary fiber intake appears protective against <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>. Low levels of certain micronutrients, especially vitamin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>, may increase the risk of both diseases. Dietary patterns may be even more important to disease susceptibility than the levels of individual foods or nutrients. Various dietary regimes may modify disease symptoms, in part through their actions on the host microbiota. Both probiotics and prebiotics may modulate the microflora, and reduce the likelihood of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IBD<\/jats:styled-content> regression. However, other dietary factors affect the microbiota in different ways. Distinguishing cause from effect, and characterizing the relative roles of human and microbial genes, diet, age of onset, gender, life style, smoking history, ethnic background, environmental exposures, and medications, will require innovative and internationally integrated approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201100630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,12]],"date-time":"2012-04-12T11:49:44Z","timestamp":1334231384000},"page":"524-535","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Role of nutrition and microbiota in susceptibility to inflammatory bowel diseases"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Liljana","family":"Gentschew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition School of Medical Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand"},{"name":"Nutrigenomics  New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynnette R.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition School of Medical Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand"},{"name":"Nutrigenomics  New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0804647"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mib.0000231572.88806.b9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2009.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2010.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eci.10.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.717"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.764"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2009.199679"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01411.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20333"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3000322"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.169078"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.44"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-200502000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.192"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"Dietary habits as risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"7","author":"Tragnone A.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. 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