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We investigated the effects of dietary cocoa on expression of proteins involved in the development of central sensitization in the spinal trigeminal nucleus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STN<\/jats:styled-content>) in response to inflammatory stimulation of trigeminal nerves.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Male Sprague\u2010Dawley rats were fed either a control diet or an isocaloric diet consisting of 10% cocoa powder 14 days prior to bilateral injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CFA<\/jats:styled-content>) into the temporomandibular joint to promote prolonged activation of trigeminal ganglion neurons and glia. While dietary cocoa stimulated basal expression of glutamate\u2010aspartate transporter and mitogen\u2010activated protein kinase phosphatase\u20101 when compared to animals on a normal diet, cocoa suppressed basal calcitonin gene\u2010related peptide levels in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STN<\/jats:styled-content>. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CFA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010stimulated levels of protein kinase A, P2X<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, P\u2010p38, glial fibrillary\u2010associated protein, and OX\u201042, whose elevated levels in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STN<\/jats:styled-content> are implicated in central sensitization, were repressed to near control levels in animals on a cocoa\u2010enriched diet. Similarly, dietary cocoa repressed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CFA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010stimulated inflammatory cytokine expression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on our findings, we speculate that cocoa\u2010enriched diets could be beneficial as a natural therapeutic option for temporomandibular joint disorder and other chronic orofacial pain conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201200630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,11]],"date-time":"2013-04-11T11:05:10Z","timestamp":1365678310000},"page":"996-1006","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Inclusion of cocoa as a dietary supplement represses expression of inflammatory proteins in spinal trigeminal nucleus in response to chronic trigeminal nerve stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Cady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical &amp; Life Sciences Missouri State University  Springfield MO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Denson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical &amp; Life Sciences Missouri State University  Springfield MO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul L.","family":"Durham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical &amp; Life Sciences Missouri State University  Springfield MO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(90)90079-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Meta\u2010analysis of treatment need for temporomandibular disorders in adult nonpatients","volume":"22","author":"Al\u2010Jundi M. 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