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There is increasing evidence that moderate consumption of cocoa and cocoa\u2010containing foods may have beneficial effects on the health including vasodilatory, antioxidant, and anti\u2010inflammatory effects. Polyphenols in cocoa, including monomeric flavanols, as well as polymeric proanthocyanidins, may play a role in these observed beneficial effects. Chronic inflammation represents a potential mechanistic link between obesity and its related pathologies: insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, which comprise the metabolic syndrome. In the present review, we discuss the available data regarding the modulation of metabolic syndrome\u2010related inflammation by cocoa and cocoa\u2010derived compounds. We emphasize studies using laboratory animals or human subjects since such studies often represent the strongest available evidence for biological effects. In vitro studies are included to provide some mechanistic context, but are critically interpreted. Although the available data seem to support the anti\u2010inflammatory effects of cocoa, further studies are needed with regard to the dose\u2013response relationship as well as the underlying mechanisms of action. We hope this review will stimulate further research on cocoa and its anti\u2010inflammatory activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201200837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,2]],"date-time":"2013-05-02T16:57:49Z","timestamp":1367513869000},"page":"948-961","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Modulation of metabolic syndrome\u2010related inflammation by cocoa"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Yeyi","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Plant and Mushroom Foods For Health The Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Plant and Mushroom Foods For Health The Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Cocoa Market Updates.2012.The World Cocoa Foundation. 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