{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T10:53:49Z","timestamp":1782730429239,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,14]],"date-time":"2013-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"MC2 Biotek A\/S, Denmark"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Nutrition Food Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Scope<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rare enolic phenylpyruvic acid\u20102\u2010<jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\u2010glucoside, (PPAG:<jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u20102\u2010(\u03b2\u2010<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\u2010glucopyranosyloxy)\u20103\u2010phenylpropenoic acid), is one of the major constituents of fermented rooibos infusions. 3\u2010Phenylpyruvic acid (2\u2010oxo\u20103\u2010phenylpropanoic acid), without the sugar moiety and with a keto form instead of an enolic arrangement, has been shown to enhance insulin release and glucose uptake in muscle cells. The purpose of this study was to assess if <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPAG<\/jats:styled-content> has similar activity on glucose metabolism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preliminary in vitro studies confirmed that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPAG<\/jats:styled-content>, isolated from rooibos, enhanced glucose uptake. A dose\u2013response study in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>hang cells showed that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPAG<\/jats:styled-content> enhanced glucose uptake in the concentration range 1.0\u201331.6 \u03bcM (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EC<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> = 3.6 \u03bcM). In obese insulin\u2010resistant rats, oral administration of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPAG<\/jats:styled-content> lowered fasting glucose concentrations and improved oral glucose tolerance values; messenger <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression of glucokinase, glucose transporter 1 and 2, insulin receptor, peroxisome proliferator\u2010activated receptor alpha, and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, were increased in the liver. This suggests that the liver is mainly responsible for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPAG<\/jats:styled-content> bioactivity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study describes for the first time that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPAG<\/jats:styled-content> increases in vitro glucose uptake and improves glucose tolerance in an obese insulin\u2010resistant rat model, suggesting that it has potential as a new class of antidiabetic therapeutics that would contribute to the antidiabetic effect of rooibos.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201300294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,14]],"date-time":"2013-08-14T09:56:48Z","timestamp":1376474208000},"page":"2216-2222","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["<i>Z<\/i>\u20102\u2010(\u03b2<i>\u2010<\/i><scp>d<\/scp>\u2010glucopyranosyloxy)\u20103\u2010phenylpropenoic acid, an \u03b1\u2010hydroxy acid from rooibos (<i><scp>A<\/scp>spalathus linearis<\/i>) with hypoglycemic activity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Christo J. 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