{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T07:04:48Z","timestamp":1789801488495,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,16]],"date-time":"2015-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"European Union Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EU-FP7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EU-FP7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Austrian Science Fund","award":["S10704\/S10705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S10704\/S10705"]}]},{"name":"Drugs from Nature Targeting Inflammation","award":["P25971-B23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P25971-B23"]}]},{"name":"Drugs from Nature Targeting Inflammation","award":["P23317-B11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P23317-B11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Nutrition Food Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Scope<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, making the identification of new counteracting agents and their mechanisms of action relevant. Ginger and its constituents have been reported to improve cardiovascular health, but no studies exist addressing a potential interference with VSMC proliferation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The dichloromethane extract of ginger inhibited VSMC proliferation when monitored by resazurin metabolic conversion (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> = 2.5 \u03bcg\/mL). The examination of major constituents from ginger yielded [6]\u2010shogaol as the most active compound (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> = 2.7 \u03bcM). In the tested concentration range [6]\u2010shogaol did not exhibit cytotoxicity toward VSMC and did not interfere with endothelial cell proliferation. [6]\u2010shogaol inhibited DNA synthesis and induced accumulation of the VSMC in the G<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\/G<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> cell\u2010cycle phase accompanied with activation of the nuclear factor\u2010erythroid 2\u2010related factor 2 (Nrf2)\/HO\u20101 pathway. Since [6]\u2010shogaol lost its antiproliferative activity in the presence of the heme oxygenase\u20101 (HO\u20101) inhibitor tin protoporphyrin IX, HO\u20101 induction appears to contribute to the antiproliferative effect.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study demonstrates for the first time inhibitory potential of ginger constituents on VSMC proliferation. The presented data suggest that [6]\u2010shogaol exerts its antiproliferative effect through accumulation of cells in the G<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\/G<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> cell\u2010cycle phase associated with activation of the Nrf2\/HO\u20101 pathway.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201400791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,28]],"date-time":"2015-01-28T13:32:06Z","timestamp":1422451926000},"page":"843-852","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Identification and characterization of [6]\u2010shogaol from ginger as inhibitor of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Rongxia","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"},{"name":"Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shanghai P. 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