{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T04:06:55Z","timestamp":1792210015442,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,5]],"date-time":"2018-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81570335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81570335"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Nutrition Food Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Scope<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010Carnitine (LC) is abundant in red meat and is widely added to health supplements and food. This study focuses on the adverse effects of oral supplementation of 1.3% LC in <jats:italic>ApoE<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> mice and whether the parenteral administration of LC (subcutaneously, sub) has any impact on the development of atherosclerosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mice are randomly divided into three groups (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a015). All mice are fed a high\u2010fat diet (HFD). The number of Ly6C<jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup> monocytes; degree of atherosclerosis; plasma LC, \u03b3\u2010butyrobetaine (\u03b3BB), and trimethylamine\u2010N\u2010oxide (TMAO) levels; and microbial community composition are analyzed. Compared with the HFD and HFD\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0LC (sub) groups, the number of Ly6C<jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup> monocytes, atherosclerotic plaque area, and plasma \u03b3BB and TMAO levels are increased in the HFD\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0LC (oral) group (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.001). Plasma LC levels in the HFD\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0LC (sub) group are higher than those in other groups. The levels of \u03b3BB, TMAO, and Ly6C<jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup> monocytes are positively correlated with atherosclerotic plaque area (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.01), and TMAO is positively correlated with <jats:italic>Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic> and negatively correlated with Firmicutes at the phylum level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In contrast with oral LC administration, subcutaneous LC administration, which bypasses its conversion to TMAO in the liver, does not have a detrimental effect on the development of atherosclerosis in male <jats:italic>ApoE<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice. Taking LC parenterally may be preferable among patients who require LC supplementation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,27]],"date-time":"2017-11-27T07:21:58Z","timestamp":1511767318000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The Effect of Different <scp>l<\/scp>\u2010Carnitine Administration Routes on the Development of Atherosclerosis in <i>ApoE<\/i> Knockout Mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin First Center Hospital  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury Pingjin Hospital Heart Center Logistics University of PAPF  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury Pingjin Hospital Heart Center Logistics University of PAPF  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinmao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury Pingjin Hospital Heart Center Logistics University of PAPF  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury Pingjin Hospital Heart Center Logistics University of PAPF  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury Pingjin Hospital Heart Center Logistics University of PAPF  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury Pingjin Hospital Heart Center Logistics University of PAPF  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury Pingjin Hospital Heart Center Logistics University of PAPF  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiulong","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury Pingjin Hospital Heart Center Logistics University of PAPF  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guohong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury Pingjin Hospital Heart Center Logistics University of PAPF  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury Pingjin Hospital Heart Center Logistics University of PAPF  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury Pingjin Hospital Heart Center Logistics University of PAPF  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-7-30"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1159\/000341934","volume":"59","author":"Huang A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. 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