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Since this monounsaturated fatty acid is described as a lipokine, studies with cell culture and rodent models have suggested it enhances whole body insulin sensitivity, stimulates insulin secretion by \u03b2 cells, increases hepatic fatty acid oxidation, improves the blood lipid profile, and alters macrophage differentiation. However, human studies report elevated blood levels of palmitoleic acid in people with obesity and metabolic syndrome. These findings might be reflection of the level or activity of stearoyl\u2010CoA desaturase\u20101, which synthesizes palmitoleate and is enhanced in liver and adipose tissue of obese patients. The aim of this review is to describe the immune\u2013metabolic effects of palmitoleic acid observed in cell culture, animal models, and humans to answer the question of whether palmitoleic acid is a plausible nonpharmacological strategy to prevent, control, or ameliorate chronic metabolic and inflammatory disorders. Despite the beneficial effects observed in cell culture and in animal studies, there are insufficient human intervention studies to fully understand the physiological effects of palmitoleic acid. Therefore, more human\u2010based research is needed to identify whether palmitoleic acid meets the promising therapeutic potential suggested by the preclinical research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,5]],"date-time":"2017-10-05T06:58:45Z","timestamp":1507186725000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Is Palmitoleic Acid a Plausible Nonpharmacological Strategy to Prevent or Control Chronic Metabolic and Inflammatory Disorders?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6749-9545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila O.","family":"de Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gretchen K.","family":"Vannice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Nutrition Education Organic Technologies  Coshocton OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 C.","family":"Rosa Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip C.","family":"Calder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Development and Health Academic Unit Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton  Southampton UK"},{"name":"NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre University of Southampton  Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515002251"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7085285"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/582197"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-13-199"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-10-120"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.3.726"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.1.69"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1730073"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.003970"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039286"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf9087"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000345913"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"1440","volume":"30","author":"Souza C. 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