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Obesity is a complex metabolic disorder that is linked to numerous serious health complications with high morbidity. The present study evaluated the effects of kefir peptides on high fat diet (HFD)\u2010induced obesity in rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Kefir peptides markedly improved obesity, including body weight gain, inflammatory reactions and the formation of adipose tissue fat deposits around the epididymis and kidney, and adipocyte size. Treating high fat diet (HFD)\u2010induced obese rats with kefir peptides significantly reduced the fatty acid synthase protein and increased the p\u2010acetyl\u2010CoA carboxylase protein to block lipogenesis in the livers. Kefir peptides also increased fatty acid oxidation by increasing the protein expressions of phosphorylated AMP\u2010activated protein kinase, peroxisome proliferator\u2010activated receptor\u2010\u03b1, and hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase\u20101 in the livers. In addition, administration of kefir peptides significantly decreased the inflammatory response (<jats:italic>TNF\u2010\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>IL\u20101\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>TGF\u2010\u03b2<\/jats:italic>) to modulate oxidative damage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results demonstrate that kefir peptides treatment improves obesity via inhibition of lipogenesis, modulation of oxidative damage, and stimulation of lipid oxidation. Therefore, kefir peptides may act as an anti\u2010obesity agent to prevent body fat accumulation and obesity\u2010related metabolic diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,25]],"date-time":"2017-11-25T02:55:06Z","timestamp":1511578506000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Kefir Peptides Prevent Hyperlipidemia and Obesity in High\u2010Fat\u2010Diet\u2010Induced Obese Rats via Lipid Metabolism Modulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Yu\u2010Tang","family":"Tung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Agricultural Biotechnology Center National Chung Hsing University  Taichung 402 Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences Taipei Medical University  Taipei 11031 Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiao\u2010Ling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioresources Da\u2010Yeh University  Changhwa 515 Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin\u2010Shan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Agricultural Biotechnology Center National Chung Hsing University  Taichung 402 Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei\u2010Hsuan","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Agricultural Biotechnology Center National Chung Hsing University  Taichung 402 Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kowit\u2010Yu","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science Chang Gung University  Tao\u2010Yuan 333 Taiwan"},{"name":"Molecular Medicine Research Center College of Medicine Chang Gung University  Tao\u2010Yuan 333 Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan\u2010Mu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Agricultural Biotechnology Center National Chung Hsing University  Taichung 402 Taiwan"},{"name":"Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine and the iEGG Center National Chung Hsing University  Taichung 402 Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2015.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60814-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.28.5.w822"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146884"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/83.3.276","volume":"83","author":"Racette S. 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