{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:10:48Z","timestamp":1790140248206,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,19]],"date-time":"2017-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1049381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1049381"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1052616"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1052616"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Nutrition Food Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Scope<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cardioprotective effects of apples are primarily attributed to flavonoids, found predominantly in the skin. This study aimed to determine if acute and\/or chronic (4 weeks) ingestion of flavonoid\u2010rich apples improves endothelial function, blood pressure (BP), and arterial stiffness in individuals at risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this randomized, controlled cross\u2010over trial, acute and 4 week intake of apple with skin (high flavonoid apple, HFA) is compared to intake of apple flesh only (low flavonoid apple, LFA) in 30 participants. The primary outcome is endothelial function assessed using flow\u2010mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery, while main secondary outcomes are 24 h ambulatory BP and arterial stiffness. Other outcomes include fasting serum glucose and lipoprotein profile, plasma heme oxygenase\u20101 (Hmox\u20101), F\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2010isoprostanes, flavonoid metabolites, and plasma and salivary nitrate (NO\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and nitrite (NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) concentrations. Compared to LFA control, the HFA results in a significant increase in FMD acutely (0.8%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and after 4 weeks chronic intake (0.5%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), and in plasma flavonoid metabolites (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001). Other outcomes are not altered significantly.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A lower risk of CVD with higher apple consumption could be mediated by the beneficial effect of apple skin on endothelial function, both acutely and chronically.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,30]],"date-time":"2017-10-30T23:22:42Z","timestamp":1509405762000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Flavonoid\u2010Rich Apple Improves Endothelial Function in Individuals at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Nicola P.","family":"Bondonno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine University of Western Australia Royal Perth Hospital  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