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The limited knowledge about the pathophysiology of NCGS and the lack of validated biomarkers are still major limitations for clinical studies, making it difficult to differentiate NCGS from other gluten\u2010related disorders (GRD). In the absence of clear\u2010cut diagnostic criteria, NCGS is still mainly a diagnosis of exclusion. Several studies suggest that NCGS is an immune\u2010mediated disease that likely activates an innate immune response. Moreover, it has recently been hypothesized that in addition to gluten, other components of wheat may be responsible for the symptoms observed in individuals without CD. This review aims at discussing available evidence related to the histological and immunological features in the gut mucosa of patients with NCGS and at outlining new dietary opportunities for these patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,26]],"date-time":"2018-03-26T12:35:31Z","timestamp":1522067731000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Non\u2010Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: How Its Gut Immune Activation and Potential Dietary Management Differ from Celiac Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Vera","family":"Rotondi Aufiero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immuno\u2010Morphology Lab Institute of Food Sciences National Council Research  83100 Avellino Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Fasano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center and Center for Celiac Research and Treatment MassGeneral Hospital for Children\u2013Harvard Medical School  Boston MA 02114\u20104404 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Mazzarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immuno\u2010Morphology Lab Institute of Food Sciences National Council Research  83100 Avellino Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7064966"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2015.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-016-0512-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2017.1260003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000440990"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000371401"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"9","volume":"23","author":"Sapone A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.01.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20102660"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000260087"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-12-85"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.236"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"99","volume":"8","author":"Marsh M. 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