{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:42:15Z","timestamp":1790188935943,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,19]],"date-time":"2018-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003958","name":"Stichting voor de Technische Wetenschappen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003958","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003195","name":"Ministerie van Economische Zaken","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003195","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Nutrition Food Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Scope<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chocolate consumption lowers cardiovascular disease risk, which might be attributed to the methylxanthine theobromine. These effects may be mediated through effects on HDL\u2010mediated cholesterol efflux, which may be affected by microRNA (miRNA) levels in the HDL particles. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate effects of theobromine consumption on fasting and postprandial cholesterol efflux and miRNAs levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty overweight and 14 obese healthy men and women participated in this randomized, double\u2010blind crossover study. Participants consumed 500 mg d<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> of theobromine or placebo for 4 weeks. ABCA1\u2010mediated cholesterol efflux was measured using J774 macrophages. MiRNAs levels (miR\u201092a, miR\u2010223, miR\u2010135a*) were quantified in apolipoprotein B\u2010depleted serum. Theobromine consumption did not affect fasting and postprandial cholesterol efflux. Fasting miR\u2010223 and miR\u2010135a levels were unchanged, while miR\u201092a levels were decreased (\u22120.21; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). The high\u2010fat meal increased postprandial cholesterol efflux capacity (+4.3 percentage points; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> \u2264 0.001), miR\u201092a (+1.21; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), and miR\u2010223 (+1.79; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) levels, while a trend was found for miR\u2010135a (+1.08; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.06).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Theobromine did not improve fasting and postprandial ABCA1\u2010mediated cholesterol efflux capacity, but decreased fasting miR\u201092a levels. High\u2010fat meal intake increased postprandial cholesterol efflux and the three selected miRNAs levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201800027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,24]],"date-time":"2018-05-24T23:19:17Z","timestamp":1527203957000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Theobromine Does Not Affect Fasting and Postprandial HDL Cholesterol Efflux Capacity, While It Decreases Fasting miR\u201092a Levels in Humans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Charlotte P.J.","family":"Talbot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University  Universiteitssingel 50 6229 ER Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald P.","family":"Mensink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University  Universiteitssingel 50 6229 ER Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotte","family":"Smolders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University  Universiteitssingel 50 6229 ER Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginie","family":"Bakeroot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University  Universiteitssingel 50 6229 ER Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jogchum","family":"Plat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University  Universiteitssingel 50 6229 ER Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng865"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.247452"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2210"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4292"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.300741"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140958"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1215767111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4488"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.023457"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.145482"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28202"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2011.64"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61217-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.2.486a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.047373"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1999.00548.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosissup.2008.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2017.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.D018051"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M066613"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804549105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2012.686934"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. 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