{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:35:13Z","timestamp":1790714113610,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,21]],"date-time":"2018-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004352","name":"DuPont","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007753","name":"It\u00e4-Suomen Yliopisto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007753","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Nutrition Food Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Scope<\/jats:title><jats:p>High\u2010fat diets are a likely cause of low\u2010grade inflammation and obesity\u2010related pathologies. This study measures the effects of a high\u2010fat diet, in combination with two dietary supplements\u2014betaine and polydextrose\u2014on metabolism and inflammation in the adipose tissue of diet\u2010induced obese mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty male C57BL\/6J mice are fed a high\u2010fat diet for 8 weeks and compared with low\u2010fat\u2010diet\u2010fed control animals (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 10). For the last 4 weeks, the high\u2010fat\u2010diet\u2010fed animals are supplemented with 1% betaine, 3.33% polydextrose, their combination, or plain water. Fat depots from subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue are analyzed for inflammatory markers and nontargeted metabolomics by quantitative PCR and LC\u2013QTOF\u2010MS.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The high\u2010fat diet significantly increases adipose tissue inflammation in both fat depots. By metabolic profiling, clear differences are noted between low\u2010fat\u2010diet and high\u2010fat\u2010diet groups with regard to the levels of several metabolite species\u2014primarily carnitines, lipids, and amino acids. Dietary betaine mitigates the high\u2010fat\u2010diet\u2010induced IL\u20106 expression and significantly increases betaine and butyrobetaine levels in adipose tissue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The high\u2010fat diet induces patent changes in carnitine and lipid metabolism in adipose tissue. Betaine supplementation elevates the levels of betaine and its derivatives and certain carnitine species, as reported in muscle and liver, and moderately reduces inflammation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201800455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,6]],"date-time":"2018-10-06T09:50:00Z","timestamp":1538819400000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["High\u2010Fat Diet, Betaine, and Polydextrose Induce Changes in Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Metabolism in C57BL\/6J Mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Kaisa","family":"Airaksinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DuPont Nutrition and Health Global Health &amp; Nutrition Science 02460 Kantvik Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna","family":"Jokkala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition Clinical Nutrition University of Eastern Finland 70211 Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilmari","family":"Ahonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vincit Helsinginkatu 15 20500 Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seppo","family":"Auriola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland 70211 Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjukka","family":"Kolehmainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition Clinical Nutrition University of Eastern Finland 70211 Kuopio Finland"},{"name":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland 02044 Espoo Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kati","family":"Hanhineva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition Clinical Nutrition University of Eastern Finland 70211 Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsti","family":"Tiihonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DuPont Nutrition and Health Global Health &amp; 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