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In this study, mice and intestinal organoids are used to explore the regulatory effect of\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      on the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study demonstrates that\n                      <jats:italic>S. typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                      causes intestinal epithelial damage and affected growth of intestinal organoids.\n                      <jats:italic>S. typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                      also colonizes the intestine and then causes pathological changes to the intestinal epithelium, intestinal inflammation, and even death. However,\n                      <jats:italic>L. acidophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      alleviates damage to intestinal organoids, increases the survival ratio of mice infected with\n                      <jats:italic>S. typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and reduces tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (TNF\u2010\u03b1) secretion. Moreover,\n                      <jats:italic>L. acidophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      affects the differentiation of epithelial cells through inhibition of the excessive expansion of goblet cells and Paneth cells induced by\n                      <jats:italic>S. typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                      to avoid over\u2010exhaustion. Finally, it is also demonstrated that\n                      <jats:italic>L. acidophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ameliorates overactivation of Wnt\/\u03b2\u2010catenin pathway by\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      , depending on the contact with toll\u2010like receptor 2 (TLR2), to affect the proliferation of the intestinal epithelium.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study demonstrates that\n                      <jats:italic>L. acidophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      protects the intestinal mucosa against\n                      <jats:italic>S. typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection through not only the inhibition of pathogen invasion but also determination of the fate of the intestinal epithelium.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201900655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,18]],"date-time":"2020-01-18T08:39:47Z","timestamp":1579336787000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["<i>Lactobacillus<\/i>\n                    Protects Against\n                    <i>S. Typhimurium<\/i>\n                    \u2013Induced Intestinal Inflammation by Determining the Fate of Epithelial Proliferation and Differentiation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Xiaoxi","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University  Weigang 1 Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University  Weigang 1 Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lulu","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University  Weigang 1 Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University  Weigang 1 Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1168-4132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinghua","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University  Weigang 1 Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2017.1343143"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.27291"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"311","volume":"5","author":"Samir P.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. 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