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This study aims to investigate whether dietary peptides affect small intestinal microbial metabolism, and the underlying mechanisms. An ileal\u2010cannulated pig model is adopted to explore the relationship between gut nutrient flow and microbial metabolism after treatment with hydrolyzed casein (peptides) or intact casein (Control)\u2010based diet. The results demonstrate that hydrolyzed casein enhances microbial carbohydrate metabolism with higher <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> abundance and higher lactate level in the ileum. Meanwhile, hydrolyzed casein increases ileal flows of nutrients, especially carbohydrate, leading to a higher carbohydrate availability in ileal digesta. To unveil the mechanisms, it is found that the hydrolyzed casein enhances the ghrelin signal and improves development of interstitial cells of Cajal and muscular layer in gastric corpus, indicating the enhanced upper GI transit function. In addition, hydrolyzed casein improves small intestinal health, as indicated by higher villus heights and luminal lactate concentrations in the jejunum and ileum. In conclusion, hydrolyzed casein stimulates upper GI transit function, enhances gut nutrient flow, and increases small intestinal carbohydrate availability and its microbial metabolism, which favor the small intestinal health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202000250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T13:11:29Z","timestamp":1600434689000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Stimulation of Gastric Transit Function Driven by Hydrolyzed Casein Increases Small Intestinal Carbohydrate Availability and Its Microbial Metabolism"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Junhua","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health College of Animal Science and Technology National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition Nanjing Agricultural University  Nanjing 210095 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunlong","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health College of Animal Science and Technology National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition Nanjing Agricultural University  Nanjing 210095 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huisong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health College of Animal Science and Technology National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition Nanjing Agricultural University  Nanjing 210095 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health College of Animal Science and Technology National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition Nanjing Agricultural University  Nanjing 210095 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaifan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health College of Animal Science and Technology National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition Nanjing Agricultural University  Nanjing 210095 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erwin G","family":"Zoetendal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology Wageningen University  Wageningen 6703 HB The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6493-6719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiyun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health College of Animal Science and Technology National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition Nanjing Agricultural University  Nanjing 210095 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2011.212"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12727","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30932-6","volume":"8","author":"Crespo\u2010Piazuelo D.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. 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