{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:09:30Z","timestamp":1790298570883,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Nutrition Food Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Scope<\/jats:title><jats:p>Probiotics exert immunomodulatory effects and may influence tryptophan metabolism in the host. Deficiency of nutrients related to C1 metabolism might stimulate inflammation by enhancing the kynurenine pathway. This study used Sprague Dawley rats to investigate whether a methyl\u2010deficient diet (MDD) may influence tryptophan\/kynurenine pathways and cytokines and whether probiotics can mitigate these effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rats are fed a control or MDD diet. Animals on the MDD diet received vehicle, probiotics (<jats:italic>L. helveticus<\/jats:italic> R0052 and <jats:italic>B. longum<\/jats:italic> R0175), choline, or probiotics + choline for 10 weeks (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 10 per group). Concentrations of plasma kynurenine metabolites and the methylation and inflammatory markers in plasma and liver are measured.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>MDD animals (vs controls) show upregulation of plasma kynurenine, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, 3\u2010hydroxyxanthranilic acid, quinolinic acid, nicotinic acid, and nicotinamide (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt;\u00a00.05). In the MDD rats, the probiotics (vs vehicle) cause lower anthranilic acid and a trend towards lower kynurenic acid and picolinic acid. Compared to probiotics alone, probiotics + choline is associated with a reduced enrichment of the bacterial strains in cecum. The interventions have no effect on inflammatory markers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Probiotics counterbalance the effect of MDD diet and downregulate downstream metabolites of the kynurenine pathway.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202100078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T04:25:10Z","timestamp":1615263910000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Kynurenine Pathway Is Upregulated by Methyl\u2010deficient Diet and Changes Are Averted by Probiotics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Sandra","family":"Tillmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit Department of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University  Aarhus C DK\u20108000 Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussain 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Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juergen","family":"Geisel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine Saarland University Hospital  Building 57 Homburg\/Saar D\u201066421 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Tompkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per Magne","family":"Ueland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science University of Bergen  New Lab Building, 9th floor Bergen Hordaland 5021 Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregers","family":"Wegener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit Department of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University  Aarhus C DK\u20108000 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