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Here, the state of evidence for the effect of genetic and epigenetic factors in the development of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and resulting illnesses such as non\u2010insulin\u2010dependent diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases is summarized. This study also critically value the concepts of PN that are built around the new genetic avenue from both the academic and a commercial perspective and their effectiveness in causing sustained changes in diet, lifestyle, and for improving health. Despite almost 20 years of research and commercial direct\u2010to\u2010consumer offerings, evidence for the success of gene\u2010based dietary recommendations is still generally lacking. This calls for new concepts of future PN solutions that incorporate more phenotypic measures and provide a panel of instruments (e.g., self\u2010 and bio\u2010monitoring tools, feedback systems, algorithms based on artificial intelligence) that increases compliance based on the individual\u00b4s physical and social environment and value system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202200077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T06:54:21Z","timestamp":1656572061000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Genetics and Epigenetics in Personalized Nutrition: Evidence, Expectations, and Experiences"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0155-9338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Holzapfel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Nutritional Medicine School of Medicine Technical University of Munich  81675 Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Waldenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology Institute of Epidemiology Helmholtz Zentrum Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health  85764 Neuherberg Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance  85764 Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9649-840X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Lorkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle\u2010Jena\u2010Leipzig Friedrich Schiller University  07743 Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannelore","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Munich  85354 Freising Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the Working Group \u201cPersonalized Nutrition\u201d of the German Nutrition Society","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051131"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e3282ab9ea6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2015.83"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"501","volume":"20","author":"Allison D. 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