{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T10:02:33Z","timestamp":1753869753466,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007132","name":"Otsuka Pharmaceutical","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007132","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Nutrition Food Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Scope<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study examines whether coingestion of \u03b3\u2010aminobutyric acid (GABA) and malic acid (MA) before meals enhances glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101 (GLP\u20101) secretion, and which affects subsequent insulin and glycemic responses in humans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Initially, a murine enteroendocrine STC\u20101 cell line is used to verify coadministration of GABA and MA synergistically induces GLP\u20101 secretion. Next, 22 healthy adults are given water (50\u00a0mL) containing 400\u00a0mg GABA and 400\u00a0mg MA (Test), or only 400\u00a0mg citric acid (CA) (Placebo) 20\u00a0min before meal tolerance test (MTT). Interval blood samples are taken postprandially over 180\u00a0min to determine GLP\u20101, insulin, and glucose responses. By comparison to preload of Placebo, preload of Test significantly increases plasma GLP\u20101 (total\/active) levels (incremental area under the curve by 1.2\u2010 and 1.6\u2010fold), respectively. However, there are no significant differences in postprandial blood glucose and insulin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Coingestion of GABA and MA before meals enhances postprandial GLP\u20101 secretion. Future studies should explore optimal dosage regimens to find the efficacy of the mixture on insulin and glycemic response.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202300610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T09:42:12Z","timestamp":1710495732000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Single Oral Coingestion of GABA and Malic Acid on Postprandial GLP\u20101, Glucose, and Insulin Responses in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized, Double\u2010Blind, Placebo\u2010Controlled, Crossover Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7210-0375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroki","family":"Noguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Agriculture Hokkaido University  Sapporo 060\u20108589 Japan"},{"name":"Otsu Nutraceuticals Research Institute Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd  Otsu 520\u20100002 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Ikenaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otsu Nutraceuticals Research Institute Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd  Otsu 520\u20100002 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shota","family":"Ueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otsu Nutraceuticals Research Institute Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd  Otsu 520\u20100002 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chieko","family":"Kohashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otsu Nutraceuticals Research Institute Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd  Otsu 520\u20100002 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Matsumura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Nutrition Bunkyo University  Chigasaki 253\u20108550 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Kakumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Lead Discovery Research Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Tokushima 771\u20100192 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noriyuki","family":"Kohda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otsu Nutraceuticals Research Institute Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd  Otsu 520\u20100002 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Fuji Women's University  Ishikari 061\u20103204 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tohru","family":"Hira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Agriculture Hokkaido University  Sapporo 060\u20108589 Japan"},{"name":"Research Faculty of Agriculture Hokkaido University  Sapporo 060\u20108589 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.20.6.0385"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028136"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2007.08.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1684-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.139824"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1663"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.90635.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-1510"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-2275"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bbb\/zbad124"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"60","volume":"32","author":"Oser B. 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