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Probiotics have beneficial roles in reducing intestinal inflammation and gut\u2010associated diseases, but their effects and mechanisms beyond the gut in attenuating the progression of LF are remained unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a mouse model of NASH\/LF induced by a methionine\u2010choline deficient (MCD) diet, immunobiotics are administered to investigate their therapeutic effects. Results show that the MCD diet leads to liver inflammation, steatosis, and fibrosis, which are alleviated by immunobiotics. Immunobiotics reduces serum endotoxin and inflammatory markers while increasing regulatory cytokines and liver weight. They also suppress Th17 cells, known for producing inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, immunobiotics mitigate collagen deposition and fibrogenic signaling in the liver, while restoring gut\u2010barrier integrity and microbiota composition. Additionally, immunobiotics enhance the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway in both colonic and liver tissues.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, these results demonstrate a novel insight into the mechanisms through which immunobiotic administration improves the gut health which in turn increases the AhR pathway and inhibits HSCs activation and fibrosis progression beyond the gut in the liver tissue of NASH\/LF mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202400227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T06:05:40Z","timestamp":1718949940000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Immunobiotic Bacteria Attenuate Hepatic Fibrosis through the Modulation of Gut Microbiota and the Activation of Aryl\u2010Hydrocarbon Receptors Pathway in Non\u2010Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Paulraj","family":"Kanmani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine Dongguk University  Goyang 10326 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University of Illinois  Chicago IL 60612 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Villena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA\u2010CONICET)  Tucuman 4000 Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo\u2010kyoung","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine Dongguk University  Goyang 10326 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun\u2010Ji","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group of Gut Microbiome Korea Food Research Institute  Wanju\u2010gun 245 Wanju\u2010gun 55365 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Food Biotechnology Korea University of Science and Technology  Wanju 55365 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young\u2010Do","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group of Gut Microbiome Korea Food Research Institute  Wanju\u2010gun 245 Wanju\u2010gun 55365 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Food Biotechnology Korea University of Science and Technology  Wanju 55365 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1038-0142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hojun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine Dongguk University  Goyang 10326 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002484"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i3.559"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27332"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-015-1543-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1663"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00163.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2011.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2014.09.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501175"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2011.04471.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26746"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37019-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0019-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aaz7277"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-1643-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP316"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.Yan H. 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