{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T02:45:42Z","timestamp":1790217942803,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,21]],"date-time":"2024-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Nutrition Food Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Scope<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diarrhea is a common health issue that contributes to a significant annual death rate among children and the elderly worldwide. The anti\u2010diarrheal activity of <jats:italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic> GG (LGG) and tannic acid (TA), alone or combined, is examined, in addition to their effect on intestinal barrier integrity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty\u2010six adult male Wistar rats are randomly assigned into seven groups: control, LGG alone, TA alone, diarrhea model, diarrhea+LGG, diarrhea+TA, and diarrhea+LGG+TA\u2010treated groups. Diarrhea is induced by high\u2010lactose diet (HLD) consumption. LGG (1x10<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup> CFU\/rat) and TA (100 mg Kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> d<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) were given orally 4 days after HLD feeding and continued for 10 days. Ileum specimens are processed for biochemical analysis of the local intestinal cytokines, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and histological study. Also, immunohistochemistry\u2010based identification of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) and zonula occludens 1 (ZO\u20101) is performed. Compared to the diarrhea model group, both treatments maintain the intestinal mucosal structure and proliferative activity and preserve ZO\u20101 expression, with the combination group showing the maximal effect. However, LGG\u2010treated diarrheic rats show a remarkable decrease in the intestinal tissue concentrations of tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha (TNF\u2010\u03b1) and nuclear factor Kappa beta (NF\u2010\u03baB); meanwhile, TA treatment leads to a selective decrease of interferon\u2010gamma (INF\u2010\u03b3) and transforming growth factor\u2010beta (TGF\u2010\u03b21).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individual LGG and TA treatments significantly alleviate diarrhea, probably through a selective immunomodulatory cytokine\u2010dependent mechanism, while the combination of both synergistically maintains the intestinal mucosa by keeping the intestinal epithelial barrier function and regenerative capability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202400295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T02:39:20Z","timestamp":1721615960000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["<i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/i> GG and Tannic Acid Synergistically Promote the Gut Barrier Integrity in a Rat Model of Experimental Diarrhea via Selective Immunomodulatory Cytokine Targeting"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Lamiaa M.","family":"Shawky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Cell Biology Faculty of Medicine Benha University Benha 13511 Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar M.","family":"Abo El Wafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Faculty of Medicine Benha University Benha 13511 Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maged","family":"Behery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine Benha University Benha 13511 Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed H.","family":"Bahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University Cairo 11591 Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences Vision Colleges Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud Tawfiq","family":"Abu Alnasr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine Alfaisal University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7911-0795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Morsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Cell Biology Faculty of Medicine Fayoum University Fayoum 63511 Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-019-0714-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paed.2019.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2023.2295015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-55512-8.00022-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"29","volume":"12","author":"Arsene M. 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