{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T20:15:12Z","timestamp":1783455312580,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Nutrition Food Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Breast milk proteome comprises hundreds of bioactive proteins supporting infant development. The extent to which maternal metabolic conditions modify the proteome is poorly known. This study investigates proteome evolution from colostrum to mature milk and examines the impacts of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and BMI on the proteome. We analyzed the proteome by data\u2010independent acquisition (DIA)\u2010based LC\u2010MS\/MS from colostrum and mature milk samples collected from mothers (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a047) with varying BMI values and with (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a011) or without (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a036) GDM. We identified 3496 proteins, of which 1055 were differentially abundant between colostrum and mature milk. Colostrum was enriched in proteins related to MHC II antigen response, intestinal IgA, adhesion, and glycosylation, while mature milk showed enrichment in lipid biosynthesis, protein translation, and degradation. In mature milk, mothers with both GDM and higher BMI had increased levels of proteins related to HDL formation. Proteins supporting the maturation of the naive gut immune system were prevalent in colostrum, while those prevalent in mature milk reflected the mammary gland's effort in biosynthesis. Both BMI and GDM have measurable effects on the breast milk proteome. The clinical significance of these findings on a child's future health needs to be clarified.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.70225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T06:33:42Z","timestamp":1756794822000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Breast Milk Proteome: Changes in the Different Stages of Lactation and Impacts of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Body Mass Index"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Timo","family":"Seitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Food Research Center Faculty of Medicine University of Turku  Turku Finland"},{"name":"Food Sciences, Department of Life Technologies Faculty of Technology University of Turku  Turku 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and University of Turku  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauri","family":"Polari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"InFLAMES Research Flagship Center  Turku Finland"},{"name":"\u00c5bo Akademi University  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Toivola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"InFLAMES Research Flagship Center  Turku Finland"},{"name":"\u00c5bo Akademi University  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Lahti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Faculty of Technology University of Turku  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otto","family":"Kauko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turku Bioscience Centre University of Turku and \u00c5bo Akademi University  Turku 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