{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:07:19Z","timestamp":1768435639097,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011907","name":"Mishima Kaiun Memorial Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011907","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007683","name":"Nihon University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Research Grant for 2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Grant for 2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007683","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Nutrition Food Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are key immune regulators that inhibit anti\u2010tumor immune responses by suppressing effector T\u2010cell functions and fostering an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Despite epidemiological evidence showing an inverse association between milk consumption and CRC risk, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. While milk\u2010derived fatty acids have demonstrated tumor\u2010suppressive activities, the anti\u2010tumor effects of hexanoic acid, a characteristic component of milk fat, have not been thoroughly investigated. Model tumor mice orally administered hexanoate, the sodium salt of hexanoic acid, showed increased hexanoic acid concentrations in tumor\u2010draining lymph nodes and tumor sites, with enhanced anti\u2010tumor immune responses that significantly suppressed cancer cell growth. These effects were mediated through the following: (1) suppressed differentiation of na\u00efve CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells into Tregs; (2) decreased Treg\u2010mediated inhibition of CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells; and (3) suppressed intratumoral infiltration of Tregs, indirectly enhancing the effector function of CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells. Furthermore, hexanoate enhanced the therapeutic effect of immune checkpoint inhibition therapy. Part of the protective effect of milk intake against CRC development may be mediated by hexanoic acid, which enhances anti\u2010tumor immune responses through its actions on Tregs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.70229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T12:41:01Z","timestamp":1755952861000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hexanoic Acid Intake Enhances Anti\u2010Tumor Immune Responses in Colorectal Cancer by Reducing the Immunosuppressive Function of Tregs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4723-3923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daichi","family":"Seta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomical Science Department of Functional Morphology Nihon University School of Medicine  Itabashi\u2010ku Tokyo 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