{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T17:47:56Z","timestamp":1764006476299,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006280","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 111\u20102314\u2010B\u2010182A\u2010101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111\u20102314\u2010B\u2010182A\u2010101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006280","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012553","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG8L1363","CMRPG8K0421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG8L1363","CMRPG8K0421"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Nutrition Food Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. remains a significant global public health concern, capable of causing a spectrum of diseases. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is known to confer protective effects in\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010induced colitis. Although indole\u20103\u2010carbinol (I3C) and tryptophan (Trp) are known dietary sources of AhR ligands, their combined effects on\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    pathogenesis have yet to be fully characterized. We employed a well\u2010established\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    colitis model using 6\u20138\u2010week\u2010old female C57BL\/6 mice to evaluate the combined effects of I3C and Trp. Mice were pretreated with oral gavage of I3C (100\u00a0mg\/kg\/day), Trp (100\u00a0mg\/kg\/day), or both for seven consecutive days before infection. The I3C\u00a0+\u00a0Trp combination significantly alleviated clinical signs of colitis, reduced cecal mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106, CXCL2, IL\u201017\u03b1), and increased expression of immune\u2010modulating genes (IL\u201022, CRAMP, ATG16L1) compared to individual treatments. Immunohistochemical staining revealed decreased zonulin and claudin\u20102, and increased occludin, AhR, and vitamin D receptor expression in the cecal mucosa. The combination of I3C and Trp exerts additive protective effects against\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010induced colitis by modulating host immune responses and enhancing epithelial barrier integrity. These results suggest dietary AhR ligands may serve as a promising complementary approach for the prevention and management of invasive salmonellosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.70265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T06:48:47Z","timestamp":1759128527000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Combination of Indole\u20103\u2010Carbinol and Tryptophan Provides Additive Benefits in Enhancing Innate Immunity Against\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    Colitis in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3702-6856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fu\u2010Chen","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shun\u2010Chen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomic Pathology Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2006.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(02)80062-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0805.010267"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507685195"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31788-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002966511600080X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1214914"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1788899"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9101296"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020305"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11010195"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1721727X1201000309"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4318\/tjg.2013.0558"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-0105.177703"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.5.2839-2858.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.408"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.112797"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-04-0163"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-060721-025531"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i32.4763"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2021.112638"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.127551"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15234980"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.03.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05505"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20171029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1859812"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030817"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2007.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00413.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058606"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Lack of Vitamin D Receptor Leads to Hyperfunction of Claudin\u20102 in Intestinal Inflammatory Responses","volume":"25","author":"Zhang Y. 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