{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T03:03:20Z","timestamp":1791947000086,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Nutrition Food Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) affects over two billion people globally and is often treated with conventional iron supplements, which frequently have poor tolerability and limited bioavailability. This systematic review examines the potential of\n                      <jats:italic>Arthrospira platensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Spirulina) and\n                      <jats:italic>Chlorella vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                      as alternative, bioavailable iron sources. A systematic search was conducted by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, identifying 32 in vivo studies (7 human, 25 animal) that evaluated iron\u2010related outcomes of microalgae supplementation. Both\n                      <jats:italic>A. platensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>C. vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                      improved hematological parameters, including hemoglobin, serum ferritin, and red blood cell counts.\n                      <jats:italic>A. platensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      showed more vigorous erythropoietic activity, while\n                      <jats:italic>C. vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                      enhanced antioxidant defenses, increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and reducing lipid peroxidation. Both microalgae reduced inflammation\u2010induced hepcidin levels, thereby supporting improved iron absorption. No significant adverse effects or organ toxicity were reported in any of the included studies.\n                      <jats:italic>A. platensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>C. vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                      are safe and effective microalgal supplements that enhance iron status and antioxidant defense, presenting promising alternatives to conventional iron therapy. However, longer\u2010term human clinical trials are needed to validate these findings and determine optimal dosing strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.70318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T08:26:59Z","timestamp":1763540819000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["<i>Arthrospira platensis<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Chlorella vulgaris<\/i>\n                    Consumption on Iron Status: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Lacurezeanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Science and Technology University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine  Cluj\u2013Napoca Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan Cristian","family":"Vodnar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Science and Technology University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine  Cluj\u2013Napoca Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine  Cluj\u2013Napoca Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"The World Health Organization \u201cAnaemia\u201d (n.d.) accessed on January 18 2025 https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/anaemia."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"1461","article-title":"AE Studio\u2013Beyond Pedestrian Access: Creating Bridges for Learning","volume":"91","author":"Gershfeld M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2024.105633"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2157\u20107048.1000172"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ese.2022.100205"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2021.102603"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811405-6.00009-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735562"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2021.105906"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2021.109067"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2017.1401574"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113899"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","unstructured":"W. B.Major M.El\u2010shanshory O.Tolba et\u00a0al. 2018 00 1\u20135."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033\u2010024\u201009535\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11100474"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02772248.2014.907409"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2023.109352"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2024.108127"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2018.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","first-page":"163","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Supplementing of Spirulina Platensis and Chlorella vulgaris Microalgae on Hematologic Parameters in Streptozotocin\u2010Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"7","author":"Emami S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO01834K"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2018.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2023.2263564"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","first-page":"1153","article-title":"Hematite\u2010Biochemical and Immune Response of Caspian Brown Trout (Salmo Troutta Caspius, Kessler, 1877) Juveniles Fed Different Levels of Spirulina (Spirulina Platensis)","volume":"19","author":"Meshkat Roohani A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.739622"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.278486"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","first-page":"70","article-title":"Impact of Spirulina Corn Soy Blend on Iron Deficient Children Aged 6\u201023 Months in Ndhiwa Sub\u2010County Kenya: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"7","author":"Othoo D. A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Central Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nfs.2021.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/ajnsa.2022.125836.1558"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9100788"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/bioconf\/20225106005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/ejvs.2023.191557.1441"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327120903490"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2021.100884"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","first-page":"1142","article-title":"Spirulina Ameliorates Immunity and Reduces Viral Load in Beta\u2010Thalassemia Major Children Comorbid With hepatitis Virus C: A Single\u2010Arm Clinical Trial","volume":"24","author":"Ramadan Elshanshory M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medical Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887\u2010022\u201003766\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104344"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2023.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","first-page":"794","article-title":"Spirulina Supplementation to Alleviate Negative Effects of Lead in Layer Chicken","volume":"10","author":"Rahman M. M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/aoas-2021-0003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2015.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3136\/fstr.14.351"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12944\/CRNFSJ.9.1.33"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26722\/rpmi.2016.13.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2298\/JSC121020152S"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408391003721719"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph11040098"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1874855"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71190-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2023.103016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.14278"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.648073"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16183223"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomass5010004"}],"container-title":["Molecular Nutrition &amp; Food Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mnfr.70318","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T14:13:06Z","timestamp":1765548786000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mnfr.70318"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mnfr.70318"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mnfr.70318","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-4125","1613-4133"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-4125","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-4133","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70318"}}