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In recent years, the precise microbiome modulation of the gut has made remarkable progress as a new strategy for treating CVDs, especially its production of short\u2010chain fatty acids, the primary way the gut flora affects the organism. Butyrate, one of the critical metabolites of short\u2010chain fatty acids, butyrate uniquely restores intestinal barrier function, suppresses systemic inflammation, promotes immune tolerance, and regulates energy metabolism while antagonizing the pro\u2010atherogenic metabolite trimethylamine\u2010N\u2010oxide (TMAO) via the gut\u2013heart axis. Preclinical studies consistently show that butyrate supplementation mitigates heart failure (HF), atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hypertension, and cancer\u2010related cardiac injury, and concurrently ameliorates metabolic syndrome, dyslipidaemia, and hyperglycaemia. However, clinical translation is currently hampered by a lack of large\u2010scale human randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and an insufficient understanding of human dose\u2010response relationships. This review synthesizes knowledge on butyrate's cardiovascular actions, details the underlying mechanisms, and highlights critical evidence gaps to inform future translational research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.70374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T07:28:16Z","timestamp":1770362896000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association of Butyrate Supplementation with Cardiovascular Disease:A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Song\u2010jie","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian\u2010lin","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine  Beijing China"},{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine Binzhou Medical University  Yantai Shandong Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian\u2010qian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine  Beijing China"},{"name":"Institute of Basic Theory of Chinese Medicine China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao\u2010hong","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8319-9858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongcai","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.70.5400"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12528"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102649"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201085527\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569\u2010018\u20100108\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12721"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201043167\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.22437"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189916"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4258"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.25902"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiy045"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"891.1","article-title":"Examination of Changes in Intestinal Microbiota Induced by High Fat Feeding in Male Adolescent Rats","volume":"31","author":"Shaunte C. 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