{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:46:01Z","timestamp":1787064361389,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEX2021\u2010001189\u2010S\u201020\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2021\u2010001189\u2010S\u201020\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Nutrition Food Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The impact of Human Milk (HM) bioactive compounds on infant health is crucial yet complex. Current research highlights their role in immune system development and disease prevention. This review aims to synthesize existing literature on the role of HM's bioactive compounds in the onset of diagnosed allergies, immunological diseases, and responses to infectious diseases by infants and children up to 18 years. The systematic review adhered to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses (PRISMA). A comprehensive search strategy was employed across PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Cochrane Library, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), and LIVIVO. Quality assessment utilized Joanna Briggs Institute checklists for various study designs. Protocol: CRD42023432030. The systematic review encompassed 34 studies, published from 1983 to 2024, representing a total of 9,298 mother\u2013infant dyads. Included studies reported that allergic\u2010related conditions, particularly food allergy, sensitization, and atopic dermatitis, were inversely associated with HM linolenic and linoleic acid. In a meta\u2010analysis of three studies, infants with atopic dermatitis showed lower total omega\u20103 levels (SMD = \u20100.46, 95% CI: \u20101.82 to \u20100.90, I\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 91%, p &lt; 0.01), with reduced EPA and DGLA, suggesting, but not confirming, a potential protective role of omega\u20103 and involvement of inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, results on infectious\u2010related conditions, primarily diarrhoea and Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infections, suggested inverse associations with 2'\u2010fucosyllactose (2\u00b4\u2010FL), lacto\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010difucohexaose I (LDFH\u2010I), and immunoglobulins (Anti\u2010GBS secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), anti\u2010lipopolysaccharide IgA (Anti\u2010LPS IgA), anti\u2010cholera toxin IgA, respectively). Results of studies on upper and lower respiratory tract infections, otitis media, and dental caries suggested inverse associations with galectins and galectin\u20103, lacto\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010tetraose (LNT), 2\u00b4\u2010FL, and Haemophilus influenzae. Data suggest that HM bioactive compounds, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), HMOs, and a number of specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies may influence allergic and infectious outcomes in infants. In pooled analyses of omega\u20103 levels, HM fed to infants with atopic dermatitis showed reduced EPA and DGLA. However, these pooled estimates are severely limited by high statistical heterogeneity (I\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 91%) and should be interpreted as exploratory findings. Despite of the limited overall evidence due to heterogeneity, low replication, and methodological variability, this review offers a broad synthesis of current findings and highlights key knowledge gaps, providing a foundation for future research focused on elucidating the immunological roles of understudied components, such as antimicrobial peptides, through multi\u2010omics and longitudinal approaches.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.70390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T12:58:44Z","timestamp":1771246724000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Human Milk Bioactive Compounds and Allergic\u2010 and Infectious\u2010Related Infant Outcomes: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9383-7181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduard","family":"Flores Ventura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology \u2013 Spanish National Research Council (IATA\u2010CSIC)  Valencia Spain"},{"name":"PhD Program in Biotechnology Department of Biotechnology Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria","family":"Guseva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Nutrition Max Rubner\u2010Institut \u2013 Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food  Karlsruhe Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"H\u00fcbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Nutrition Max Rubner\u2010Institut \u2013 Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food  Karlsruhe Germany"},{"name":"Department of Food Nutrition Facilities FH M\u00fcnster University of Applied Sciences  M\u00fcnster 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