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Therefore, microbial imbalance in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract may lead to impaired immune system function, disrupted epithelial integrity, and elevated susceptibility to systemic health issues. Chemotherapy, a nonspecific, widely used therapeutic option in cancer treatment, can harm rapidly proliferating intestinal epithelial cells and disrupt intestinal microbial balance, leading to chemotherapy\u2010induced GI adverse events, including mucositis, diarrhea, constipation, bowel inflammation, nausea, vomiting, flatulence, dyspepsia, gastritis, stomatitis, and abdominal pain and distention. These adverse events significantly impair the quality of life of cancer patients. Clinical evidences show promising efficacy for probiotics, especially\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and\n                    <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., in restoring gut microbiota diversity, enhancing mucosal integrity, and modulating inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL\u201010, IL\u20106, and TNF\u2010a). However, study design variabilities, strain\u2010specific effects, and safety concerns in immunocompromised cases remain challenging. This review explores the underlying mechanisms of preventing chemotherapy\u2010induced GI complications using probiotics. Understanding these mechanisms can facilitate probiotic integration into supportive oncology care protocols. This review also highlights the need for standard protocols, personalized therapies, and advanced multi\u2010omics approaches to discover the host\u2013microbe interactions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.70421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T08:50:25Z","timestamp":1776675025000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Probiotics in the Management of Chemotherapy\u2010Induced Gastrointestinal Complications: Underlying Mechanisms and Potential Applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5540-6619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faeze","family":"Mazloom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences Kerman University of Medical Sciences  Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8562-8575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahsa","family":"Mottaghizadeh\u2010Jazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences Kerman University of Medical Sciences  Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8753-9599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin","family":"Sadeghi Dousari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Innovation Center Kerman University of Medical Sciences  Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0276-6881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Farsinejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Innovation Center Kerman University of Medical Sciences  Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7686-0822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Khanahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences Kerman University of Medical Sciences  Kerman Iran"},{"name":"Student Research Committee, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine Kerman University of Medical Sciences  Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272\u2010021\u201001312\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2110.10018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967\u2010023\u201004091\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S403087"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13302"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210\u2010023\u201002781\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0b013e32832531ce"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01374"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctarc.2020.100278"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000040137"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00414"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NCC.0000000000000257"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. 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