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The analysis included 922 adults who reported use of protein supplement beverages and had CRP measurements in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999\u20132010, 2015\u20132023). In the primary analysis, users of liquid protein beverages (proxy for CGN exposure) were compared with users of beverages prepared with powders (proxy for unexposed). A secondary analysis compared participants using protein beverages with and without CGN (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 622). Multivariable linear regression evaluated associations between CGN and log\u2010transformed CRP. Overall, use of CGN\u2010containing protein supplements was not significantly associated with CRP (primary ratio:1.07, 95%CI:0.74\u20131.55; secondary:0.98, 95%CI:0.66\u20131.47). However, some differences by health status (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010interaction = 0.04) were observed, with some suggestions of association among participants reporting poorer health (primary:1.91, 95%CI:0.92\u20133.97; secondary:3.14, 95%CI:1.43\u20136.91). No significant interactions were found for age, gender, obesity, or time, despite some suggestive evidence of associations in younger adults and females. Use of CGN\u2010containing protein supplement beverages was not associated with higher CRP overall, but hypothesis\u2010generating data warrant future larger studies to evaluate the role of CGN on inflammation in specific population subgroups.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.70484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T09:29:10Z","timestamp":1778578150000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of the Association Between Carrageenan and Systemic Inflammation: Results From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6478-6706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun Sing","family":"Lam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Medicine and Wellness Service, Department of Medicine Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelli","family":"O'Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center  NewYork New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria J.","family":"Monroy\u2010Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center  NewYork New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center  NewYork New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan E.","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth Dartmouth College  Lebanon New Hampshire USA"},{"name":"Cancer Population Sciences Program Dartmouth Cancer Center  New Hampshire USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward L.","family":"Giovannucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun J.","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Medicine and Wellness Service, Department of Medicine Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth D.","family":"Kantor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center  NewYork New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003183860-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.113369"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.10.074"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"S. M.Barlow G.Pascal P.Cressey D.Folmer andJ.Smith Carrageenan (addendum) Safety Evaluation of Certain Additives 2015 WHO Food Additives Series 70. Prepared by the Seventy\u2010ninth meeting of the Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA).Geneva."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO01721A"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","article-title":"Re\u2010Evaluation of Carrageenan (E407) and Processed Eucheuma Seaweed (E407a) as Food Additives","volume":"1","author":"Younes M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/NHA\u2010170023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1169\/1\/012098"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V.Patel K.Aggarwal A.Dhawan et\u00a0al. \u201cProtein Supplementation: The Double\u2010Edged Sword \u201d inBaylor University Medical Center Proceedings (Taylor & Francis 2024) 118\u2013126.","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2023.2280417"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"K.Draper \u201cAmerica's Protein Obsession is Transforming the Dairy Industry \u201dThe New York Times July 18 2025 https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/07\/16\/business\/whey\u2010protein\u2010dairy\u2010industry.html?smid=nytcore\u2010ios\u2010share&referringSource=articleShare."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2025.1133"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","unstructured":"\u201cFortune Business Insights Protein Supplements Market Size Share & Industry Analysis 2025\u20132032 \u201dFortune Business Insights (Report) accessed June 16 2025 https:\/\/www.fortunebusinessinsights.com\/protein\u2010supplements\u2010market\u2010106511."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2017.1353567"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2009.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","unstructured":"\u201cNational Center for Health Statistics National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 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