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An in vitro Caco\u20102\/RAW 264.7 coculture model mimicking the intestinal epithelium was used. After 24\u2010h GA pretreatment, inflammation was induced with LPS in Caco\u20102\/RAW 264.7 coculture cell for 4 h. GA alleviated colitis symptoms, improving body weight, preventing colon shortening, reducing histopathological damage, and lowering pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines (IL\u20106, IL\u201022, TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u201017\u03b1). It enhanced intestinal barrier integrity by upregulating tight junction (TJ) proteins claudin\u20101 and occludin. Mechanistically, GA inhibited NF\u2010\u03baB and MAPK pathways by suppressing phosphorylation of p65, I\u03baB, JNK, ERK, and P38 in colon tissue. GA also favorably modulated the gut microbiome, reducing pathobionts (e.g., Desulfovibrio) and enriching beneficial genera like Enterobacteria and Prevotella. In the cell coculture model, GA suppressed LPS\u2010induced pro\u2010inflammatory mediators, upregulated IL\u201010, and restored LPS\u2010downregulated TJ protein expression. These findings indicate that GA alleviates DSS\u2010induced UC by restoring intestinal homeostasis, exerting anti\u2010inflammatory effects, and providing preventive benefits upon long\u2010term use, supporting its potential as a prophylactic agent for UC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.70487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T06:55:57Z","timestamp":1778655357000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gallic Acid Protects Against DSS\u2010Induced Colitis by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Suppressing the Activation of NF\u2010\u03baB\/MAPK Signaling Pathway"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Caihong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Zhejiang University of Technology  Hangzhou Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengquan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Zhejiang University of Technology  Hangzhou Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingchong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Zhejiang University of Technology  Hangzhou Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Zhejiang University of Technology  Hangzhou Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiyong","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Seed Group Xinchuang Biological Breeding Co., Ltd.  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