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This systematic review aimed to evaluate the short\u2010 and long\u2010term effects of individual groups of BCs on psychomotor outcomes, including motor, cognitive, language, and executive functions. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Eligibility was defined using the PECOTS framework, focusing on healthy, term, breastfed children with follow\u2010up up to 18 years. Study quality was assessed with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tool and Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB 2) tools. Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The most consistent evidence was for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly n\u20103 PUFAs, which were generally associated with favorable psychomotor outcomes throughout infancy and later childhood. In contrast, higher levels of n\u20106 PUFAs showed less consistent or potentially unfavorable associations. Among HM oligosaccharides, fucosylated HMOs were consistently associated with improved cognitive and language\u2010related outcomes, whereas evidence for other HMO groups was limited and heterogeneous. Findings related to proteins, phospholipids, sphingolipids, and carotenoids were inconsistent. HM BCs, particularly n\u20103 PUFAs and fucosylated HMOs, may support psychomotor development in infancy, preschool age, and school age. However, the overall evidence remains heterogeneous. Further research using standardized methodologies is required to elucidate long\u2010term effects and underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.70553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T07:42:14Z","timestamp":1784792534000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human Milk Bioactive Compounds and Psychomotor Outcomes in Infants and Children: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Lara","family":"Huber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Nutrition Max Rubner\u2010Institut \u2013 Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food  Karlsruhe Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduard Flores","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology \u2013 Spanish National Research Council (IATA\u2010CSIC)  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Ensenauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Executive body National Breastfeeding Committee Max Rubner\u2010Institut \u2013 Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food  Karlsruhe Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria","family":"Guseva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Nutrition Max Rubner\u2010Institut \u2013 Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food  Karlsruhe Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Ern\u00e4hrung und Bewegung von S\u00e4uglingen und Stillenden Frauen 2024","volume":"173","author":"Abou\u2010Dakn M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.1540"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuac013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2017.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","unstructured":"W. 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