{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T06:17:57Z","timestamp":1787897877399,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001835","name":"Universiteit Maastricht","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NVWA ARVODI\u20102018 Overeenkomst Onderzoeksopdracht E171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NVWA ARVODI\u20102018 Overeenkomst Onderzoeksopdracht E171"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001835","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Nutrition Food Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Food\u2010grade titanium dioxide (E171) has been removed from the European food market due to concerns about its potential genotoxicity, yet human evidence remains limited. Given its continuous use outside the European Union, clarifying its potential hazard is essential for human risk assessment. In a randomized crossover study, 31 adults consumed 2\u00a0mg\/kg body weight\/day of E171 for 2 weeks, with biospecimens collected after both control and exposure periods. Oral intake resulted in elevated titanium concentrations in feces (CTRL: 6.3\u00a0mg\/kg; E171: 377\u00a0mg\/kg). Particle characterization showed a median size of 228\u00a0nm, with 9% &lt;100\u00a0nm. Systemic oxidative stress increased, evidenced by increased superoxide radical levels in whole blood (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.057). Transcriptomic profiling of colon biopsies revealed activation of 73 pathways linked to oxidative stress, cellular metabolism, and colorectal cancer\u2010associated processes. The observed transcriptional changes were consistent with findings of its proposed mode of action. This human intervention study characterizes the effects of dietary E171 following human gastrointestinal digestion and provides evidence that exposure to dietary E171 induces systemic oxidative stress and transcriptional changes in the colon. These findings strengthen regulatory concerns about E171 as a food additive and its potentially harmful effects on human gastrointestinal health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.70583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T06:04:14Z","timestamp":1787119454000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dietary Titanium Dioxide (E171) Alters the Colon Transcriptome\u2014Evidence From a Human Dietary Intervention Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Nicolaj S.","family":"Bischoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Genomics GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction Maastricht University Medical Center  ER Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna K.","family":"Undas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR) Part of Wageningen University &amp; Research  WB Wageningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greet","family":"van Bemmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR) Part of Wageningen University &amp; Research  WB Wageningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"van Herwijnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Genomics GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction Maastricht University Medical Center  ER Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcha","family":"Verheijen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Genomics GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction Maastricht University Medical Center  ER Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone G.","family":"Van Breda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Genomics GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction Maastricht University Medical Center  ER Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacco J.","family":"Bried\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Genomics GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction Maastricht University Medical Center  ER Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lana","family":"Drenth\u2010Brink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Geriatrics, Internal and Intensive Care Medicine (Co\u2010MIK) Zuyderland Medical Center  Sittard\u2010Geleen\u2010Heerlen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcella","family":"Peelen\u2010Buijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Geriatrics, Internal and Intensive Care Medicine (Co\u2010MIK) Zuyderland Medical Center  Sittard\u2010Geleen\u2010Heerlen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Elferink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Genomics GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction Maastricht University Medical Center  ER Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9lo\u00efse","family":"Proquin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Genomics GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction Maastricht University Medical Center  ER Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henk","family":"van Loveren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maastricht University  ER Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ad A.","family":"van Bodegraven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Geriatrics, Internal and Intensive Care Medicine (Co\u2010MIK) Zuyderland Medical Center  Sittard\u2010Geleen\u2010Heerlen the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Maastricht University Medical Centre+  ER Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dick T. H. M.","family":"Sijm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Maastricht University  ER Maastricht the Netherlands"},{"name":"Office for Risk Assessment and Research Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority  AA Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theo M.","family":"de Kok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Genomics GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction Maastricht University Medical Center  ER Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es204168d"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010207"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2016.1222457"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951\u2010018\u20100376\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.therap.2024.07.005"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","article-title":"EFSA Statement on the Review of the Risks Related to the Exposure to the Food Additive Titanium Dioxide (E 171) Performed by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES)","volume":"17","author":"European Food Safety (EFSA)","year":"2019","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","unstructured":"Health Canada Titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a food additive: Current science report(2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","unstructured":"US FDA Titanium Dioxide as a Color Additive in Foods. 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