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Emerging clinical, observational, and preclinical evidence suggests that special and restrictive dietary patterns\u2014including Mediterranean, ketogenic, vegan, gluten\u2010free, low\u2010FODMAP, sugar\u2010restricted, dairy\u2010free diets, and intermittent fasting (IF)\u2014can substantially modulate the gut microbiota, potentially influencing mental health outcomes. In this review, we first outline the fundamental mechanisms underlying gut\u2013brain communication, emphasizing the roles of microbial metabolites, vagal nerve signaling, immune modulation, and hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis interactions. We then examine how distinct dietary interventions may alter gut microbial composition and metabolic activity, with potential implications for neuroimmune regulation, neurotransmitter synthesis, gut barrier integrity, and stress resilience. Current limitations in the field\u2014including population heterogeneity, interindividual microbiome variability, limited longitudinal and mechanistic human studies, and challenges in clinical translation\u2014are critically discussed. Finally, we propose future research directions aimed at developing personalized dietary strategies for mental health support through microbiome\u2010targeted approaches. Understanding how special diets reshape the MGBA may provide promising avenues for the nutritional modulation of emotional and cognitive well\u2010being.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.70592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T06:00:57Z","timestamp":1789538457000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diet, the Gut Microbiome, and Mental Health: Mechanistic Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Helal F.","family":"Hetta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Tabuk  Tabuk Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ragaa A. 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