{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T07:44:48Z","timestamp":1792395888020,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Nutrition Food Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Dileucine, a leucine\u2010containing dipeptide, may enhance anabolic signaling more than leucine alone. This study examined postprandial plasma dileucine and leucine concentrations after ingesting animal\u2010 and plant\u2010 whole foods and their association with muscle protein synthesis rates (MPS). Secondary analysis was performed on plasma samples collected from two randomized controlled trials totaling 26 healthy adults (25 \u00b1 4.3 y). Participants consumed low\u2010fat pork (LFP), high\u2010fat ground pork (HFP), complementary rice and beans (COMP), an iso\u2010nitrogenous mixed nutrient beverage (ISO), or a carbohydrate control (CHO). Plasma concentrations and MPS was measured. Plasma dileucine increased significantly only after LFP ingestion (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05), with a greater 300\u2010min iAUC compared to CHO (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.038). Plasma leucine increased in all conditions except COMP and CHO with LFP demonstrating the highest concentrations (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05). A modest correlation was observed between dileucine C\n                    <jats:italic>max<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the change in MPS (\u0394MPS; r = 0.436,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.037), whereas leucine C\n                    <jats:italic>max<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed no significant association (r = 0.265,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.102). Whole\u2010food protein sources generally do not elevate plasma dileucine, except for LFP. While dileucine C\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    correlated with \u0394MPS, the strength of this relationship suggests dileucine is likely one of several postprandial factors influencing MPS beyond free leucine.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.70628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T07:17:36Z","timestamp":1792394256000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Whole\u2010Food Protein Sources Differentially Modulate Postprandial Plasma Dileucine Profiles in the Post\u2010Exercise State"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"\u017dan","family":"Zupan\u010di\u010d","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Kinesiology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7599-8856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffrey M.","family":"Provenzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Kinesiology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience Universit\u00e9 Catholique De Louvain  Louvain\u2010La\u2010Neuve Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calvin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Kinesiology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3274-1670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gena L.","family":"Irwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Kinesiology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander V.","family":"Ulanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5581-3154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas A.","family":"Burd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Kinesiology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"},{"name":"Division of Nutritional Sciences University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1996.271.6.E1083"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","article-title":"Post\u2010Prandial Protein Handling: You Are What You Just Ate","volume":"10","author":"Groen B. B. 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