{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T22:49:22Z","timestamp":1780958962716,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,31]],"date-time":"2018-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Single\u2010photon\u2010counting (SPC) and spectroscopic x\u2010ray detectors are under development in academic and industry laboratories for medical imaging applications. The spatial resolution of SPC and spectroscopic x\u2010ray detectors is an important design criterion. The purpose of this article was to extend the cascaded systems approach to include a description of the spatial resolution of SPC and spectroscopic x\u2010ray imaging detectors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cascaded systems approach was used to model reabsorption of characteristic x rays, Coulomb repulsion, and diffusion in SPC and spectroscopic x\u2010ray detectors. In addition to reabsorption, diffusion, and Coulomb repulsion, the model accounted for x\u2010ray conversion to electron\u2010hole (e\u2010h) pairs, integration of e\u2010h pairs in detector elements, electronic noise, and energy thresholding. The probability density function (PDF) describing the number of e\u2010h pairs was propagated through each stage of the model and was used to derive new theoretical expressions for the large\u2010area gain and modulation transfer function (MTF) of CdTe SPC x\u2010ray detectors, and the energy bin sensitivity functions and MTFs of CdTe spectroscopic detectors. Theoretical predictions were compared with the results of MATLAB\u2010based Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and published data. Comparisons were also made with the MTF of energy\u2010integrating systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Under general radiographic conditions, reabsorption, diffusion, and Coulomb repulsion together artificially inflate count rates by 20% to 50%. For thicker converters (e.g. 1000 <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m) and larger detector elements (e.g. 500 <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m pixel pitch) these processes result in modest inflation (i.e. \u223c10%) in apparent count rates. Our theoretical and MC analyses predict that SPC MTFs will be degraded relative to those of energy\u2010integrating systems for fluoroscopic, general radiographic, and CT imaging conditions. In most cases, this degradation is modest (i.e., \u223c10% at the Nyquist frequency). However, for thicker converters, the SPC MTF can be degraded by up to 25% at the Nyquist frequency relative to EI systems. Additionally, unlike EI systems, the MTF of spectroscopic systems is strongly dependent on photon energy, which results in energy\u2010bin\u2010dependent spatial resolution in spectroscopic systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The PDF\u2010transfer approach to modeling signal transfer through SPC and spectroscopic x\u2010ray imaging systems provides a framework for understanding system performance. Application of this approach demonstrated that charge sharing artificially inflates the SPC image signal and degrades the MTF of SPC and spectroscopic systems relative to energy\u2010integrating systems. These results further motivate the need for anticharge\u2010sharing circuits to mitigate the effects of charge sharing on SPC and spectroscopic x\u2010ray image quality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,11]],"date-time":"2018-03-11T05:42:35Z","timestamp":1520746955000},"page":"1926-1941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Cascaded systems analysis of charge sharing in cadmium telluride photon\u2010counting x\u2010ray detectors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Jesse","family":"Tanguay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics University of British Columbia Okanagan Kelowna BC V1Y 1V7 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian A.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging Research Laboratories Robarts Research Institute The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5C1 Canada"},{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Schulich School of Medicine &amp; Dentistry The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5C1 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2006.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/54\/16\/009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3148535"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/7\/014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3371689"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RoesslE DaerraH EngelKJ ThranA SchirraC ProksaR.Combined effects of pulse pile\u2010up and energy response in energy\u2010resolved photon\u2010counting computed tomography. inIEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record;2011:2309\u20132313.","DOI":"10.1109\/NSSMIC.2011.6153869"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/56\/7\/001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3658728"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4820371"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/62\/1\/202"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12301"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12296"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12279"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2004.832324"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2004.832610"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2005.04.081"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/53\/20\/002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2009.2013709"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BarberWC NygardE IwanczykJS et al.Characterization of a novel photon counting detector for clinical CT: count rate energy resolution and noise performance. inSPIE Medical Imaging. 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