{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T17:01:48Z","timestamp":1763830908055},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,19]],"date-time":"2018-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The validation of deformable image registration (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DIR<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010based pulmonary ventilation mapping is time consuming and prone to inaccuracies and is also affected by deformation parameters. In this study, we developed a nonrigid phantom as a quality assurance (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">QA<\/jats:styled-content>) tool that simulates ventilation to evaluate <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DIR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010based images quantitatively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The phantom consists of an acrylic cylinder filled with polyurethane foam designed to simulate pulmonic alveoli. A polyurethane membrane is attached to the inferior end of the phantom to simulate the diaphragm. In addition, tracheobronchial\u2010tree\u2010shaped polyurethane tubes are inserted through the foam and converge outside the phantom to simulate the trachea. Solid polyurethane is also used to model arteries, which closely follow the model airways. Two three\u2010dimensional (3D) <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content> scans were performed during exhalation and inhalation phases using xenon (Xe) gas as the inhaled contrast agent. The exhalation 3D\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content> image is deformed to an inhalation 3D\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content> image using our in\u2010house program based on the NiftyReg open\u2010source package. The target registration error (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TRE<\/jats:styled-content>) between the two images was calculated for 16 landmarks located in the simulated lung volume. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DIR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010based ventilation image was generated using Jacobian determinant (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JD<\/jats:styled-content>) metrics. Subsequently, differences in the Hounsfield unit (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HU<\/jats:styled-content>) values between the two images were measured. The correlation coefficient between the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JD<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HU<\/jats:styled-content> differences was calculated. In addition, three 4D\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content> scans are performed to evaluate the reproducibility of the phantom motion and Xe gas distribution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The phantom exhibited a variety of displacements for each landmark (range: 1\u201320 mm). The reproducibility analysis indicated that the location differences were &lt;1 mm for all landmarks, and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HU<\/jats:styled-content> variation in the Xe gas distribution was close to zero. The mean <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TRE<\/jats:styled-content> in the evaluation of spatial accuracy according to the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DIR<\/jats:styled-content> software was 1.47 \u00b1 0.71 mm (maximum: 2.6 mm). The relationship between the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JD<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HU<\/jats:styled-content> differences had a large correlation (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.71) for the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DIR<\/jats:styled-content> software.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The phantom implemented new features, namely, deformation and simulated ventilation. To assess the accuracy of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DIR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010based mapping of the simulated pulmonary ventilation, the phantom allows for simulation of Xe gas wash\u2010in and wash\u2010out. The phantom may be an effective <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">QA<\/jats:styled-content> tool, because the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DIR<\/jats:styled-content> algorithm can be quickly changed and its accuracy evaluated with a high degree of precision.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,28]],"date-time":"2018-05-28T21:20:25Z","timestamp":1527542425000},"page":"3496-3505","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Design and development of a nonrigid phantom for the quantitative evaluation of <scp>DIR<\/scp>\u2010based mapping of simulated pulmonary ventilation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Shin","family":"Miyakawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Women's Medical University Tokyo 162\u20108666 Japan"},{"name":"Radiological Sciences Graduate Division of Health Sciences Komazawa University Tokyo 154\u20108525 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hidenobu","family":"Tachibana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Particle Therapy Division Research Center for Innovative Oncology National Cancer Center Chiba 277\u20108577 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shunsuke","family":"Moriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences University of Tsukuba Chiba 305\u20108577 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoyuki","family":"Kurosawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Women's Medical University Tokyo 162\u20108666 Japan"},{"name":"Radiological Sciences Graduate Division of Health Sciences Komazawa University Tokyo 154\u20108525 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teiji","family":"Nishio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Women's Medical University Tokyo 162\u20108666 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masanori","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiological Sciences Graduate Division of Health Sciences Komazawa University Tokyo 154\u20108525 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.27.1205"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2015.07.2260"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.04.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.06.1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2012.04.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2010.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2013.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/4\/002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00732.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02988614"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01902148.2014.984085"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00212.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2008.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3685589"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2015.01.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2014.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2014.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2012.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"ModatM McClellandJ OurselinS.Lung registration using the NiftyReg package. 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