{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:52:17Z","timestamp":1783511537719,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,17]],"date-time":"2018-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Technological advancements in dental radiography have improved oral care on many fronts, yet diagnostic efficacy for some of the most common oral conditions, such as caries, dental cracks and fractures, and periodontal disease, remains relatively low. Driven by the clinical need for a better diagnostic yield for these and other dental conditions, we initiated the development of a stationary intraoral tomosynthesis (s\u2010IOT) imaging system using carbon nanotube (CNT) x\u2010ray source array technology. Here, we report the system characterization and preliminary imaging evaluation of a clinical prototype s\u2010IOT system approved for human use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The clinical prototype s\u2010IOT system is comprised of a multibeam CNT x\u2010ray source array, high voltage generator, control electronics, collimator cone, and dynamic digital intraoral detector. During a tomosynthesis scan, each x\u2010ray source is operated sequentially at fixed, nominal tube current of 7\u00a0mA and user\u2010specified pulse width. Images are acquired by a digital intraoral detector and the reconstruction algorithm generates slice information in real time for operator review. In this study, the s\u2010IOT system was characterized for tube output, dosimetry, and spatial resolution. Manufacturer specifications were validated, such as tube current, kVp, and pulse width. Tube current was measured with an oscilloscope on the analog output of the anode power supply. Pulse width, kVp, and peak skin dose were measured with a dosimeter with ion chamber and high voltage accessory. In\u2010plane spatial resolution was evaluated via measurement of MTF and imaging of a line pair phantom. Spatial resolution in the depth direction was evaluated via artifact spread measurement. The size of the collimated radiation field was evaluated for compliance with FDA regulations. A dental phantom and human specimens of varying pathologies were imaged on a clinical 2D intraoral imaging system as well as s\u2010IOT for comparison and to explore potential clinical applications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The measured tube current, kVp, and pulse width values were within 3% of the set values. A cumulative peak skin dose of 1.12\u00a0mGy was measured for one complete tomosynthesis scan using a 50\u2010ms pulse per projection view. Projection images and reconstruction slices revealed MTF values ranging from 8.1 to 9.3 cycles\/mm. Line pair imaging verified this result. The radiation field was found to meet the FDA requirements for intraoral imaging devices. Tomosynthesis reconstruction slice images of the dental phantom and human specimens provided depth resolution, allowing visibility of anatomical features that cannot be seen in the 2D intraoral images.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The clinical prototype s\u2010IOT device was evaluated and found to meet\u00a0all manufacturer specifications. Though the system capability is higher, initial investigations are targeting a low\u2010dose range comparable to a single 2D radiograph. Preliminary studies indicated that s\u2010IOT provides increased image quality and feature conspicuity at a dose comparable to a single 2D intraoral radiograph.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,27]],"date-time":"2018-09-27T12:06:26Z","timestamp":1538049986000},"page":"5172-5185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Characterization and preliminary imaging evaluation of a clinical prototype stationary intraoral tomosynthesis system"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Christina R.","family":"Inscoe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA"},{"name":"Department of Applied Physical Sciences University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Platin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Sciences School of Dentistry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally M.","family":"Mauriello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Ecology School of Dentistry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Broome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Sciences School of Dentistry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Mol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Sciences School of Dentistry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence R.","family":"Gaalaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Regan Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connor","family":"Puett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA"},{"name":"Department of Applied Physical Sciences University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otto","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA"},{"name":"Department of Applied Physical Sciences University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques","author":"Iannucci J","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"The global increase in dental caries. 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