{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T03:27:25Z","timestamp":1785295645385,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]],"date-time":"2019-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Assessment of urethral dynamics is clinically regarded to be important in analyzing the functional impact of pathological features like urethral obstruction, albeit it is difficult to perform directly <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. To facilitate such an assessment, urethra phantoms may serve well as investigative tools by reconstructing urethral dynamics based on anthropomorphic factors. Here, our aim is to design a new class of anatomically realistic, deformable urethra phantoms that can simulate the geometric, mechanical, and hydrodynamic characteristics of the male prostatic urethra.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A new lost\u2010core tube casting protocol was devised. It first involved the drafting of urethra geometry in computer\u2010aided design software. Next, 3D printing was used to fabricate the urethra geometry and an outer mold. These parts were then used to cast a urinary tract using a polyvinyl alcohol (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVA<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010based material (with 26.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.0\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">kP<\/jats:styled-content>a Young's elastic modulus). After forming a surrounding tissue\u2010mimicking slab using an agar\u2013gelatin mixture (with 17.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.4\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">kP<\/jats:styled-content>a Young's modulus), the completed urethra phantom was connected to a flow circuit that simulates voiding. To assess the fabricated phantoms' morphology, ultrasound imaging was performed over different planes. Also, color Doppler imaging was performed to visualize the flow profile within the urinary tract.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Deformable phantoms were devised for the normal urethra and a diseased urethra with obstruction due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BPH<\/jats:styled-content>). During voiding, the short\u2010axis lumen diameter at the verumontanum of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BPH<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010featured phantom (0.91\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.08\u00a0mm) was significantly smaller than that for the normal phantom (2.49\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.20\u00a0mm). Also, the maximum flow velocity of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BPH<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010featured phantom (59.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.8\u00a0cm\/s; without Doppler angle correction) was found to be higher than that of the normal phantom (22.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a09.0\u00a0cm\/s).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The fabricated phantoms were effective in simulating urethra deformation resulting from urine passage during voiding. They can be used for mechanistic studies of urethral dynamics and for the testing of urodynamic diagnostic techniques in urology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]],"date-time":"2019-05-03T10:26:13Z","timestamp":1556879173000},"page":"3034-3043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Deformable phantoms of the prostatic urinary tract for urodynamic investigations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Takuro","family":"Ishii","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Aging and Department of Electrical &amp; Computer Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung Kit","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Aging and Department of Electrical &amp; Computer Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Nahas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Aging and Department of Electrical &amp; Computer Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Billy Y. 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