{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T02:11:07Z","timestamp":1782439867602,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To develop a method of using two\u2010dimensional (2D) magnetic resonance thermometry, and three\u2010dimensional (3D) Gaussian modeling to predict the volume, shape, and location of 1\u00a0day postoperative T1w high\u2010intensity focused ultrasound lesions in medication refractory tremor patients; thereby facilitating a better comprehension of thermal damage thresholds, which can be utilized to reduce adverse events, and improve patient outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifteen patients underwent magnetic resonance\u2010guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) thalamotomy, which was performed at our center using an InSightec ExAblate 4000 system (Haifa, Israel), and guided by magnetic resonance imaging using a 3\u00a0T Discovery 750 (General Electric Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, USA). For treatment monitoring, 2D MR thermometry (temperature sensitivity: \u22120.00909\u00a0ppm\/\u00b0C, bandwidth: 279\u00a0Hz\/pixel) was performed in multiple orthogonal planes (sagittal, coronal, and axial) intraoperatively. These images were temporally filtered using a general linear model approach to reduce noise. Temporal volumes of filtered temperature maps with a peak temperature <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp13868-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp13868:mp13868-math-0001\"\/>47\u00b0C were aligned and fitted with a 3D Gaussian to create a canonical heating model. We then fitted the filtered 2D temperature maps with a 3D Gaussian, and used the relationships derived from the 3D heating model to estimate the 3D temperature distribution. These temperature distributions were converted into thermal dose distributions and accumulated across time to create an accumulated thermal dose (ATD) profile. Thresholded ATD profiles were then correlated with manually traced T1\u2010weighted 1\u00a0day postoperative lesion volumes across patients, and linear regression slopes were plotted against varying ATD thresholds. Additionally, the Dice\u2013S\u00f8rensen coefficient (DSC) was calculated to quantify the volumetric overlap between predicted, and actual lesions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>On average, 18.1 (standard deviation (SD): \u00b14.6, range: 10\u201329) sonications were performed with an average peak temperature achieved of 62.4\u00b0C (SD: \u00b12.4, range: 58.2\u201367.7). An ATD threshold of 35.8 CEM43 was found to give a unity linear regression slope; this corresponded to an average DSC of 0.689 (SD: \u00b10.090, range: 0.476\u20130.815).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using multiplanar 2D MR thermometry and 3D Gaussian modeling, we were able to achieve very good (DSC\u00a0=\u00a00.689) predictions of T1w 1\u00a0day postoperative lesion volume, shape and location at an ATD threshold of approximately 36 CEM43. Furthermore, this method has the potential to be used in clinical evaluations to further elucidate the relationship between thermal damage and clinical outcome. Accurate 3D lesion prediction will facilitate improved clinical decision making in future MRgFUS thalamotomies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]],"date-time":"2019-10-17T07:39:55Z","timestamp":1571297995000},"page":"5722-5732","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Predicting high\u2010intensity focused ultrasound thalamotomy lesions using 2D magnetic resonance thermometry and 3D Gaussian modeling"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Graham M.","family":"Seasons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute University of Calgary Calgary Canada"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin L.","family":"Mazerolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute University of Calgary Calgary Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tejas","family":"Sankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery Department of Surgery University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute University of Calgary Calgary Canada"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zelma H. 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