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Organic semiconductors are potentially an ideal technology in fabricating devices for dosimetry due to tissue equivalence, mechanical flexibility, and relatively cheap manufacturing cost. The response of a commercial organic photodetector (OPD), coupled to a plastic scintillator, to ionizing radiation from a linear accelerator and orthovoltage x\u2010ray tube has been characterized to assess its potential as a dosimeter for radiotherapy. The radiation hardness of the OPD has also been investigated to demonstrate its longevity for such applications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Radiation hardness measurements were achieved by observing the response of the OPD to the visible spectrum and 70\u00a0keV x rays after pre\u2010exposure to 40\u00a0kGy of ionizing radiation. The response of a preirradiated OPD to 6\u2010MV photons from a linear accelerator in reference conditions was compared to a nonirradiated OPD with respect to direct and indirect (RP400 plastic scintillator) detection mechanisms. Dose rate dependence of the OPD was measured by varying the surface\u2010to\u2010source distance between 90 and 300\u00a0cm. Energy dependence was characterized from 29.5 to 129\u00a0keV with an x\u2010ray tube. The percentage depth dose (PDD) curves were measured from 0.5 to 20\u00a0cm and compared to an ionization chamber.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The OPD sensitivity to visible light showed substantial degradation of the broad 450 to 600\u00a0nm peak from the donor after irradiation to 40\u00a0kGy. After irradiation, the spectral shape has a dominant absorbance peak at 370\u00a0nm, as the acceptor better withstood radiation damage. Its response to x rays stabilized to 30% after 35\u00a0kGy, with a 0.5% difference between 770\u00a0Gy increments. The OPD exhibited reproducible detection of ionizing radiation when coupled with a scintillator. Indirect detection showed a linear response from 25 to 500\u00a0cGy and constant response to dose rates from 0.31\u00a0Gy\/pulse to 3.4\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\u00a0Gy\/pulse. However, without the scintillator, response increased by 100% at low dose rates. Energy independence between 100\u00a0keV and 1.2\u00a0MeV advocates their use as a dosimeter without beam correction factors. A dependence on the scintillator thickness used during a comparison of the PDD to the ionizing chamber was identified. A 1\u2010mm\u2010thick scintillator coupled with the OPD demonstrated the best agreement of\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The response of OPDs to ionizing radiation has been characterized, showing promising use as a dosimeter when coupled with a plastic scintillator. The mechanisms of charge transport and trapping within organic materials varies for visible and ionizing radiation, due to differing properties for direct and indirect detection mechanisms and observing a substantial decrease in sensitivity to the visible spectrum after 40\u00a0kGy. This study proved that OPDs produce a stable response to 6\u2010MV photons, and with a deeper understanding of the charge transport mechanisms due to exposure to ionizing radiation, they are promising candidates as the first flexible, water equivalent, real\u2010time dosimeter.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]],"date-time":"2020-05-12T15:16:15Z","timestamp":1589296575000},"page":"3658-3668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Characterization of an organic semiconductor diode for dosimetry in radiotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Jessie A.","family":"Posar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medical Radiation Physics University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medical Radiation Physics University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Large","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medical Radiation Physics University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Basiric\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Bologna Viale Berti Pichat 6\/2 Bologna 40127 Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Ciavatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Bologna Viale Berti Pichat 6\/2 Bologna 40127 Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Fraboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Bologna Viale Berti Pichat 6\/2 Bologna 40127 Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Dhez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISORG 60 Rue des berges, Parc Polyetc, Immeuble Tramontane Grenoble 38000 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medical Radiation Physics University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia"},{"name":"Illawarra Cancer Care Centre, Wollongong Hospital Wollongong NSW 2500 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Sellin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics University of Surrey Guildford Surrey GU2 7XH UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Griffith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Priority Research Centre for Organic Electronics University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia"},{"name":"School of Aeronautical, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering University of Sydney Camperdown NSW 2050 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L. 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