{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:38:19Z","timestamp":1790804299924,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]],"date-time":"2020-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1 CA181081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 CA181081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To validate a normal\u2010resolution (NR) simulation (NRsim) algorithm that uses high\u2010resolution (HR) or super\u2010high resolution (SHR) acquisitions on a commercial HR computed tomography (CT) scanner by comparing image quality between NRsim\u2010generated images and actual NR images. NRsim is intended to allow direct comparison between normal\u2010resolution CT and HR\/SHR reconstructions in clinical investigations, without repeating exams.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Aquilion Precision CT (Canon Medical Systems Corporation) HR CT scanner has three resolution modes resulting from detector binning in the channel (x\u2010y) and row (z) directions. For NR, each detector element is 0.5\u00a0mm\u00a0\u00d7\u00a00.5\u00a0mm along the channel and row directions, 0.25\u00a0mm\u00a0\u00d7\u00a00.5\u00a0mm for HR, and 0.25\u00a0mm\u00a0\u00d7\u00a00.25\u00a0mm for SHR. The NRsim algorithm simulates NR acquisitions from HR or SHR acquisitions (termed NR<jats:sub>HR<\/jats:sub> and NR<jats:sub>SHR<\/jats:sub>, respectively) by downsampling the pre\u2010log raw data in the channel direction for the HR acquisitions and in the channel and row direction for the SHR acquisition. The downsampled data are then reconstructed using the same process as NR. The axial modulation transfer function (MTF), slice sensitivity profile (SSP), and CT number accuracy were measured using the Catphan 600 phantom, and the three\u2010dimensional noise power spectrum (NPS) was measured in water\u2010equivalent phantoms for standard protocols across a range of size\u2010specific dose estimates (SSDE): head (6.2\u201329.8\u00a0mGy), lung (2.2\u201318.2\u00a0mGy), and body (5.6\u201319.4\u00a0mGy). The MTF and NPS measurements were combined to estimate low\u2010contrast detectability (LCD) using a non\u2010prewhitening model observer with an eye filter for a 5\u2010mm disk with 10\u00a0HU contrast. All metrics were compared for NR, NR<jats:sub>HR<\/jats:sub>, and NR<jats:sub>SHR<\/jats:sub> images reconstructed using filtered back projection (FBP) and an iterative reconstruction algorithm (AIDR3D). We chose a 15% error threshold as a reasonable definition of success for NRsim when compared against actual NR based on published studies showing that a just\u2010noticeable difference in image noise level for human observers is typically &lt;15%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The axial MTF and SSPs for NRsim were in good agreement with NR demonstrated by a maximum difference of 5.1% for the MTF at 10% and 50% across materials (air, Teflon, LDPE, and polystyrene) and a maximum SSP difference of 2.2%. Noise magnitude differences were within 15% across the SSDE levels with the exception of below 4.5\u00a0mGy for the lung protocol with FBP. The relative RMSE of normalized NPS comparisons were all &lt;15%. Differences in CT numbers for NRsim reconstructions were within 2\u00a0HU of NR. LCD for NRsim was within 15% of NR with the exception of NR<jats:sub>SHR<\/jats:sub> for the lung protocol SSDE levels below 3.7\u00a0mGy with FBP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>NRsim, an algorithm for simulating NR acquisitions using HR and SHR raw data, was introduced and shown to generate images with spatial resolution, noise, HU accuracy, and LCD largely equivalent to scans acquired using an actual NR acquisition. At SSDE levels below ~5\u00a0mGy for the lung protocol, differences in noise magnitude and LCD for NR<jats:sub>SHR<\/jats:sub> were &gt;15% which defines a region where NRsim degrades due to contributions from electronic noise.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T09:09:51Z","timestamp":1594976991000},"page":"4775-4785","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Validation of synthesized normal\u2010resolution image data generated from high\u2010resolution acquisitions on a commercial CT scanner"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of California Davis Sacramento CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel W.","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canon Medical Systems Inc Otawara\u2010shi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig K.","family":"Abbey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological &amp; Brain Sciences University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Anthony","family":"Seibert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of California Davis Sacramento CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naruomi","family":"Akino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canon Medical Systems Inc Otawara\u2010shi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canon Medical Systems Inc Otawara\u2010shi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay Y.","family":"Vaishnav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canon Medical Systems USA Tustin CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten L.","family":"Boedeker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canon Medical Systems Inc Otawara\u2010shi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Boone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of California Davis Sacramento CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06635-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4791645"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13763"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/29\/11\/003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13952"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14159"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BarrettHH.NEQ: its progenitors and progeny. Paper presented at: Medical Imaging 2009: Image Perception Observer Performance and Technology Assessment;2009.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.817795"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3633937"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/61\/8\/3180"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.181.1.1887026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.03.068"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2017.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4800795"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3560428"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1513158"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.2.001752"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.11.001237"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","volume-title":"Advanced Engineering Mathematics","author":"Kreyszig E","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3031114"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5594\/J08125"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-009-1617-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4921120"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2017.2715826"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.18.21030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13131"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4893497"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4725171"}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmp.14395","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.14395","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mp.14395","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.14395","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T08:36:12Z","timestamp":1745483772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.14395"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mp.14395"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.14395","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-2405","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-4209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-04-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-06-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-08-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}