{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T02:08:13Z","timestamp":1773799693914,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Particle therapy is becoming increasingly available world\u2010wide for precise tumor targeting, its favorable depth dose deposition, and increased biological damage to tumor tissue compared to conventional photon therapy. As demand increases for improved robustness and conformality, next\u2010generation secondary dose calculation engines are needed to verify treatment plans independently and provide estimates for clinical decision\u2010making factors, such as dose\u2010averaged linear energy transfer (LET<jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>) and relative biological effectiveness (RBE).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>FRoG (Fast dose Recalculation on GPU) has been installed and commissioned at the Danish Centre for Particle Therapy (DCPT). FRoG was developed for synchrotron\u2010based facilities and has previously demonstrated good agreement with gold\u2010standard Monte Carlo simulations and measurements. In this work, additions and modifications to FRoG\u2019s pencil beam algorithm to support the ion beam delivery with cyclotron\u2010based technology as used at the DCPT, range shifter (RS) implementation, and robustness analysis methods are presented. FRoG dose predictions are compared to measurements and predictions of the clinical treatment planning system (TPS) Eclipse (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, United States of America, CA, v.13.7.16) in both homogenous and heterogeneous scenarios using a solid\u2010water\/water and a half\u2010head anthropomorphic phantom, respectively. Additional capabilities of FRoG are explored by performing a plan robustness analysis, analyzing dose and LET<jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub> for ten patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mid\u2010target measurements in spread\u2010out Bragg Peaks (SOBP) were on average within \u22120.19%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.30% and \u22640.5% of FRoG predictions for irradiations without\u00a0and with RS, respectively. Average 3%\/2mm 3D \u03b3\u2010analysis passing rates were 99.1% for ~200 patient plan QA comparisons. Measurement with an anthropomorphic head\u2010phantom yielded a \u03b3\u2010passing rate &gt;98%. Overall, maximum target differences in D<jats:sub>02%<\/jats:sub> of &lt;2% between the TPS and FRoG were observed for patient plans. The robustness analysis study accounting for range, delivery, and positioning uncertainties revealed small differences in target dose and a maximum LET<jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>VH<jats:sub>02%<\/jats:sub> (LET<jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub> received by 2% of the volume having dose larger than 1% of maximum dose) values below 10.1\u00a0keV\/\u00b5m to the brain stem.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We demonstrate that auxiliary dose calculation systems like FRoG can yield excellent agreement to measurements comparable to clinical beam models. Through this work, application of FRoG as a secondary engine at third party cyclotron\u2010based particle treatment facilities is now established for dose verification as well as providing further insight on LET<jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub> and variable RBE distributions for protons, currently absent from the standard clinical TPS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T06:08:46Z","timestamp":1596262126000},"page":"5274-5286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["FRoG: An independent dose and LET<sub>d<\/sub> prediction tool for proton therapy at ProBeam\u00ae facilities"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Kopp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg 69120 Germany"},{"name":"Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology Department of Radiation Oncology Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) Heidelberg Ion\u2010Beam Therapy Center (HIT) Heidelberg 69120 Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core\u2010Center Heidelberg German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg 69120 Germany"},{"name":"Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO) National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO) Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg 69120 Germany"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy Heidelberg University Heidelberg 69120 Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Fuglsang Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Centre for Particle Therapy Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus DK\u20108200 Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stewart","family":"Mein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg 69120 Germany"},{"name":"Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology Department of Radiation Oncology Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) Heidelberg Ion\u2010Beam Therapy Center (HIT) Heidelberg 69120 Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core\u2010Center Heidelberg German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg 69120 Germany"},{"name":"Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO) National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO) Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg 69120 Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lone","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus DK\u20108200 Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H\u00e5kan","family":"Nystr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Centre for Particle Therapy Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus DK\u20108200 Denmark"},{"name":"Skandion Clinic Uppsala 752 37 Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Falk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Centre for Particle Therapy Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus DK\u20108200 Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Haberer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heidelberg Ion\u2010Beam Therapy Center (HIT) Department of Radiation Oncology Heidelberg 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