{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T18:45:19Z","timestamp":1760985919737,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004340","name":"Siemens USA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RF1624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1624"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004340","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006098","name":"Radiological Society of North America","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RF1624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1624"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006098","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH T32 EB004311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH T32 EB004311"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007268","name":"Washington University in St. Louis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To make noninvasive measurements of temperature in the posterior chamber (vitreous) of the eye using diffusion\u2010based thermometry (DBT) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to explain variability in these measurements due to choice of b\u2010value and the effects of motion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Phantom studies of human vitreous and distilled water were performed using b\u2010values from 0 to 1500\u00a0s\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> to determine the liquid\u2010specific calibration factor for vitreous as well as to determine the temperature offsets due to sampling the diffusion curve using three higher routine clinical b\u2010values (b\u00a0=\u00a00, 500, 1000\u00a0s\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) or four lower b\u2010values (b\u00a0=\u00a00, 200, 400, 600\u00a0s\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), thought to be optimized for fluids. Retrospective ROI\u2010based measurements of apparent diffusion coefficient on single slices as well as multi\u2010slice histograms of the eyes were made in six patients with peri\u2010orbital cellulitis and 11 age\u2010matched controls, to assess for temperature changes in the presence of peri\u2010orbital inflammation. A prospective study of ten repeated measurements of eye temperature using both high and lower b\u2010value sampling was performed in ten asymptomatic volunteers to determine the reproducibility of eye temperature measurements in\u2010vivo as well as to estimate vitreous temperature in the absence of motion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The diffusion coefficient of vitreous (2,088\u00a0\u00b1\u00a013\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/s) was significantly lower (\u22121.9%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) compared to distilled water (2,128\u00a0\u00b1\u00a012\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/s). The calibration factor for temperature measurements of vitreous using DBT is +0.74\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.06\u00b0C. Temperature offsets were smaller (&lt;\u22120.2\u00b0C, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01) when using larger routine clinical b\u2010values to estimate the diffusion coefficient compared to using a series of lower b\u2010values (&lt;\u22121.0\u00b0C, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Two\u2010dimensional single\u2010slice ROI\u2010based measurement showed significant temperature differences (\u0394T<jats:sub>I\u2010C<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a02.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.2\u00b0C, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) between the eyes of patient with peri\u2010orbital cellulitis, higher on the side of inflammation. There was no significant difference in eye temperature when using the 3D histogram (which is likely due to motion averaging as significant slice\u2010to\u2010slice variation was present). However, significant differences in the 3D temperature histograms between the two eyes was observed in one out of six patients. Prospective eye temperature measurements in healthy volunteers showed significant intra\u2010 and inter\u2010subject variability (33.8\u201341.6\u00b0C), which was caused by eye motion. This resulted in +2.4\u00b0C cohort\u2010wide elevation in temperature when three b\u2010values were used and +4.7\u00b0C when four b\u2010values were used. Using a pattern of elevated temperature at the periphery of the eye to detect motion, eye temperature is the absence of motion was estimated to be 34.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.4\u00b0C with three higher b\u2010values and 34.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.9\u00b0C with four lower b\u2010values; this temperature corresponds with prior mathematical simulations of eye temperature as well as boundary conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Globe vitreous temperature has been measured noninvasively using DBT MRI. Using routine clinical b\u2010values of b\u00a0=\u00a00, 500 and 1000\u00a0s\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> produces acceptable (&lt;\u22120.2\u00b0C) temperature offsets. Although DBT measurements are highly susceptible to motion, methods such as temperature differences or regression can be used to reduce or eliminate the effects of motion. Using a single clinical diffusion\u2010weighted MRI, globe temperature difference of 1.6\u00b0C is pathological. Using a series of ten measurements, globe temperature differences larger than 0.6\u00b0C are abnormal. This study suggests CSF flow likely artifactually increases core brain temperature measured by DBT MRI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]],"date-time":"2020-08-05T21:03:04Z","timestamp":1596661384000},"page":"5006-5019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of motion and b\u2010value on apparent temperature measurement by diffusion\u2010based thermometry MRI: eye vitreous study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Jamal J.","family":"Derakhshan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO 63110 USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neda","family":"Parvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO 63110 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurie A.","family":"Loevner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix W.","family":"Wehrli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"McKinstry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO 63110 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ICL.0000141921.80061.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"Temperature distribution simulation of the human eye exposed to laser radiation","volume":"4","author":"Mirnezami SA","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Lasers Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(77)90100-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2010.01941.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7285132"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.52.10.729"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21265"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"American College of Radiology MR Accreditation Program: Testing Instructions. In. Examination Specific Parameters.https:\/\/accreditationsupport.acr.org\/support\/solutions\/articles\/11000061017\u2010mri\u2010clinical\u2010testing\u2010instructions;2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2009.01528.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"2291","article-title":"DWI based thermometry: the effects of b\u2010values, resolutions, signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratio, and magnet strength","volume":"2012","author":"Sakai K","year":"2012","journal-title":"Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1755"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"499","article-title":"Automated temperature calculation method for DWI\u2010thermometry: the usefulness of LV probability map on healthy subjects","volume":"2013","author":"Sakai K","year":"2013","journal-title":"Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1656"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-014-1384-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.340"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e32833d6b7a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.2014-0076"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/j100624a025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"194","article-title":"Diffusion\u2010weighted MR imaging in normal human brains in various age groups","volume":"23","author":"Helenius J","year":"2002","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1940080706"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1880040608"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000095"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12696"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0161"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.07.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.5384"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.11.033"}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmp.14435","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.14435","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mp.14435","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.14435","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T08:36:16Z","timestamp":1745483776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.14435"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mp.14435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.14435","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0094-2405"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2473-4209"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-12-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}