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An extended contour was defined with a 2.5\u2010mm isotropic margin derived from the GTV. A broad beam algorithm, which we have called \u03c0Dose, was implemented to calculate relative proton absorbed doses to the ipsilateral OARs. Clinically favorable gazing angles of the treated eye were assessed by calculating a global weighted\u2010sum objective function, which set penalties for OARs and extreme gazing angles. An optimizer, which we have named OPT\u2019im\u2010Eye\u2010Tool, was developed to tune the parameters of the functions for sparing critical\u2010OARs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 441 gazing angles were simulated for every patient. Target coverage including margins was achieved in all the cases (V<jats:sub>95%<\/jats:sub>\u00a0&gt;\u00a095%). Over the whole gazing angles solutions space, maximum dose (D<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>) to the optic nerve and the macula, and mean doses (D<jats:sub>mean<\/jats:sub>) to the lens, the ciliary body and the sclera were calculated. A forward optimization was applied by OPT\u2019im\u2010Eye\u2010Tool in three different prioritizations: iso\u2010weighted, optic nerve prioritized, and macula prioritized. In each, the function values were depicted in a selection tool to select the optimal gazing angle(s). For example, patient 4 had a T2 equatorial tumor. The optimization applied for the straight gazing angle resulted in objective function values of 0.46 (iso\u2010weighted situation), 0.90 (optic nerve prioritization) and 0.08 (macula prioritization) demonstrating the impact of that angle in different clinical approaches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The feasibility and suitability of a 3D MRI\u2010based treatment planning approach have been successfully tested on a cohort of eight patients diagnosed with UM. Moreover, a gaze\u2010angle trade\u2010off dose optimization with respect to OARs sparing has been developed. Further validation of the whole treatment process is the next step in the goal to achieve both a non\u2010invasive and a personalized proton therapy treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T15:37:44Z","timestamp":1608305864000},"page":"1315-1326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Three\u2010dimensional MRI\u2010based treatment planning approach for non\u2010invasive ocular proton therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8614-4624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Fleury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology HollandPTC Delft The 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