{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T10:50:30Z","timestamp":1788691830051,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The implementation of photon\u2010counting detectors is widely expected to be the next breakthrough in X\u2010ray computed tomography (CT) instrumentation. A small number of prototype scanners equipped with direct\u2010conversion detectors based on room\u2010temperature semiconductors, such as CdTe and CdZnTe (CZT), are currently installed at medical centers. Here, we investigate the feasibility of using silicon photomultiplier (SiPM)\u2010based scintillation detectors in photon\u2010counting computed tomography (PCCT) scanners, as a potential alternative to CdTe and CZT detectors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We introduce a model that allows us to compute the expected energy resolution as well as the expected pulse shape and associated rate capability of SiPM\u2010based PCCT detectors. The model takes into account SiPM saturation and optical crosstalk, because these phenomena may substantially affect the performance of SiPM\u2010based PCCT detectors with sub\u2010mm pixels. We present model validation experiments using a single\u2010pixel detector consisting of a 0.9\u00a0\u00d7\u00a00.9\u00a0\u00d7\u00a01.0\u00a0mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> LuAP:Ce scintillation crystal coupled to a 1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a01\u00a0mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> SiPM. We subsequently use the validated model to compute the expected performance of the fast scintillators LYSO:Ce, LuAP:Ce, and LaBr<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>:Ce, coupled to currently available SiPMs, as well as to a more advanced SiPM prototype with improved dynamic range, for sub\u2010mm pixel sizes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The model was found to be in good agreement with the validation experiments, both with respect to energy resolution and pulse shape. It shows how saturation progressively degrades the energy resolution of detectors equipped with currently available SiPMs as the pixel size decreases. Moreover, the expected pulse duration is relatively long (~200\u00a0ns) with these SiPMs. However, when LuAP:Ce and LaBr<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>:Ce are coupled to the more advanced SiPM prototype, the pulse duration improves to less than 60\u00a0ns, which is in the same order of magnitude as pulses from CdTe and CZT detectors. It follows that sufficient rate capability can be achieved with pixel sizes of 400\u00a0\u03bcm or smaller. Moreover, LaBr<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>:Ce detectors can provide an energy resolution of 11.5%\u201013.5% at 60\u00a0keV, comparable to CdTe and CZT detectors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This work provides first evidence that it may be feasible to develop SiPM\u2010based scintillation detectors for PCCT that can compete with CdTe and CZT detectors in terms of energy resolution and rate capability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T07:28:40Z","timestamp":1624606120000},"page":"6324-6338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Silicon photomultiplier\u2010based scintillation detectors for photon\u2010counting CT: A feasibility study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Stefan J.","family":"van der Sar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Science and Technology Delft University of Technology Delft The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan E.","family":"Brunner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broadcom Inc. Regensburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis R.","family":"Schaart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Science and Technology Delft University of Technology Delft The Netherlands"},{"name":"Holland Proton Therapy Center Delft The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4820371"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2018172656"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2019180115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2020.10.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/61\/4\/1572"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016152601"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"365","volume-title":"Radiation Detection and Measurement","author":"Knoll GF","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2014.2350836"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/abee56"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2018.11.119"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2316363"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2011.11.086"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2010.2053048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/23.489415"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2014.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2008.922819"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2005.856744"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.284-286.2064"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.01.1309"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phpro.2011.11.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2009.2025040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/59\/13\/3615"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2017.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2010.11.149"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRPMS.2017.2765486"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/1032741"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3086117"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2012.2213612"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab1213"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NSSMIC.2015.7582201"}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.14886","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mp.14886","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.14886","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T08:29:12Z","timestamp":1748334552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.14886"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mp.14886"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.14886","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-2405","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-4209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}