{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T15:55:30Z","timestamp":1769183730901,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inkjet printers can be used to fabricate anthropomorphic phantoms by the use of iodine\u2010doped ink. However, challenges persist in implementing this technique. The calibration from grayscale to ink density is complex and time\u2010consuming. The purpose of this work is to develop a printing methodology that requires a simpler calibration and is less dependent on printer characteristics to produce the desired range of x\u2010ray attenuation values.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Conventional grayscale printing was substituted by <jats:italic>single<\/jats:italic>\u2010<jats:italic>tone printing<\/jats:italic>; that is, the superposition of pure black layers of iodinated ink. Printing was performed with a consumer\u2010grade inkjet printer using ink made of potassium\u2010iodide (KI) dissolved in water at 1\u00a0g\/ml. A calibration for the attenuation of ink was measured using a commercial x\u2010ray system at 70\u00a0kVp. A neonate radiograph obtained at 70\u00a0kVp served as an anatomical model. The attenuation map of the neonate radiograph was processed into a series of single\u2010tone images. Single\u2010tone images were printed, stacked, and imaged at 70\u00a0kVp. The phantom was evaluated by comparing attenuation values between the printed phantom and the original radiograph; attenuation maps were compared using the structural similarity index measure (SSIM), while attenuation histograms were compared using the Kullback\u2013Leibler (KL) divergence. A region of interest (ROI)\u2010based analysis was also performed, where the attenuation distribution within given ROIs was compared between phantom and patient. The phantom sharpness was evaluated in terms of modulation transfer function (MTF) estimates and signal spread profiles of high spatial resolution features in the image.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The printed phantom required 36 pages. The printing queue was automated and it took about 2\u00a0h to print the phantom. The radiograph of the printed phantom demonstrated a close resemblance to the original neonate radiograph. The SSIM of the phantom with respect to that of the patient was 0.53. Both patient and phantom attenuation histograms followed similar distributions, and the KL divergence between such histograms was 0.20. The ROI\u2010based analysis showed that the largest deviations from patient attenuation values were observed at the higher and lower ends of the attenuation range. The limiting resolution of the proposed methodology was about 1\u00a0mm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A methodology to generate a neonate phantom for 2D imaging applications, using single\u2010tone printing, was developed. This method only requires a single\u2010value calibration and required less than 2\u00a0h to print a complete phantom.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T19:06:43Z","timestamp":1626203203000},"page":"4944-4954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Development of a neonate X\u2010ray phantom for 2D imaging applications using single\u2010tone inkjet printing"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Juan P.","family":"Cruz\u2010Bastida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily L.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolaj","family":"Reiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik A.","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate A.","family":"Feinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hania A.","family":"Al\u2010Hallaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christiane S.","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Boston Children\u2019s Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Beaulieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Boston Children\u2019s Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert D.","family":"MacDougall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Boston Children\u2019s Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Reiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00339702"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11110447"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20180317"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1355308"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-016-3663-2"},{"issue":"799","key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Image processing can cause some malignant soft\u2010tissue lesions to be missed in digital mammography images","volume":"72","author":"Warren LM","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.13.11812"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3077121"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4926085"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LengSet al. 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