{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T10:57:43Z","timestamp":1762253863962,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015650","name":"Canon Medical Systems Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015650","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Small airways with inner diameters less than 2\u00a0mm are sites of major airflow limitations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. The purpose of this study is to investigate the limitations for accurate assessment of small airway dimensions using both high\u2010resolution CT (HRCT) and conventional normal\u2010resolution CT at low dose levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To model the normal human airways from the 3rd to 20th generations, a cylindrical polyurethane phantom with 14 airway tubes of inner diameters (ID) ranging from 0.3 to 3.4\u00a0mm and wall thicknesses (WT) ranging from 0.15 to 1.6\u00a0mm was placed within an Anthropomorphic QRM\u2010Thorax phantom. The Aquilion Precision (Canon Medical Systems Corporation) HRCT scanner was used to acquire images at 80, 100, and 120\u00a0kV using high resolution mode (HR, 0.25\u00a0mm\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0160 detector configuration) and normal\u2010resolution (NR) mode (0.5\u00a0mm\u00a0\u00d7\u00a080 detector configuration). The HR data were reconstructed using a 1024\u00a0\u00d7\u00a01024\u00a0matrix (0.22\u00a0\u00d7\u00a00.22\u00a0\u00d7\u00a00.25\u00a0mm voxel size) and the NR data were reconstructed using a 512\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0512\u00a0matrix (0.43\u00a0\u00d7\u00a00.43\u00a0\u00d7\u00a00.50\u00a0mm). Two reconstruction algorithms (filtered back projection; FBP and an adaptive iterative dose reduction 3D algorithm; AIDR 3D) and three reconstruction kernels (FC30, FC52, and FC56) were investigated. The  dose values ranged from 0.2 to 6.2\u00a0mGy. A refined automated full\u2010width half\u2010maximum (FWHM) method was used for the measurement of airway dimensions, where the density profiles were computed by radial oversampling using a polar coordinate system. Both ID and WT were compared to the known dimensions using a regression model, and the root\u2010mean\u2010square error (RMSE) and average error were computed across all 14 airway tubes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results indicate that the ID can be measured within a 15% error down to approximately 0.8 and 2.0\u00a0mm using the HR and NR modes, respectively. The overall RMSE (and average error) of ID measurements for HR and NR were 0.10\u00a0mm (\u22120.70%) and 0.31\u00a0mm (\u22122.63%), respectively. The RMSE (and average error) of WT measurements using HR and NR were 0.10\u00a0mm (23.27%) and 0.27\u00a0mm (53.56%), respectively. The WT measurement using HR yielded a factor of two improvement in accuracy as compared to NR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>High\u2010resolution CT can provide more accurate measurements of airway dimensions as compared with NR CT, potentially improving quantitative assessment of pathologies such as COPD and asthma. The HR mode acquired and reconstructed with AIDR3D and the FC52\u00a0kernel provides most accurate measurement of airway dimensions. Low\u2010dose HR measurements at dose level above 0.9\u00a0mGy can provide improved accuracy on both inner diameters and wall thicknesses compared to full dose NR airway phantom measurements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T08:48:24Z","timestamp":1626770904000},"page":"5874-5883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Quantification of airway dimensions using a high\u2010resolution CT scanner: A phantom study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Yixiao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences University of California Irvine Irvine CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of California 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