{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T22:18:17Z","timestamp":1770329897990,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this work was to evaluate phantom dosimetry of a novel kilovoltage (kV) X\u2010ray source, which employs a stationary tungsten anode and a linearly swept scanning electron beam. The source utilizes converging X\u2010ray collimation along with orthogonal mechanical rotation to distribute surface flux over large area. In this study, this was investigated as a potential solution to fast\u2010falloff limitations expected with kV radiotherapy. This was done with the aim of future clinical development of a lower cost radiotherapy alternative to megavoltage (MV) linac systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Radiochromic film was employed for dosimetry on the kV X\u2010ray source of the linear\u2010converging radiotherapy system (LCRS). The source utilizes charge particle optics to magnetically deflect and focus an electron beam along a stationary, reflection tungsten target in an ultra\u2010high\u2010vacuum stainless\u2010steel chamber. Resulting X\u2010rays were collimated into converging beamlets that span a large planar angle and converge at the system isocenter. In this study, radiochromic film dosimetry was done at 140 and 145 kVp for a designated planning treatment volume (PTV) of 4 cm diameter. An acrylic phantom was employed for dose distribution measurements of stationary and rotational delivery. Film dosimetry was evaluated in planes parallel to the source X\u2010ray window at various depths, as well as in the plane of gantry rotation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>At 140 and 145 kVp and using a collimated 4 cm square field at depth, lesion\u2010to\u2010skin dose ratio was shown to improve with additional beams from different relative source positions, where the different beams are focused at the same isocenter and do not overlap at the phantom surface. It was only possible to achieve a 1:1 D<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\u2010to\u2010surface ratio with four delivery beams, but the ratio improved to 4:1 with 12 beams, focused at the same isocenter depth of 7.8\u00a0cm in an acrylic phantom. For the tests conducted, the following D<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\u2010to\u2010surface ratios were obtained: 0.4:1 lesion\u2010to\u2010skin ratio for stationary delivery from one entry beam, 0.71:1 lesion\u2010to\u2010skin ratio was obtained for two beams, 1.07:1 ratio for four beams, and 4:1 for 12 beams. Dose\u2010depth profiles were evaluated for stationary and rotational dosimetry. Additionally, rotational dosimetry was measured for a case more analogous to a clinical scenario, where the isocenter was located at an off\u2010center simulated lesion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results demonstrate potential dose\u2010depth improvements with kV arc therapy by distributing the surface flux with a wide converging beam along with perpendicular mechanical source rotation of the LCRS. The system delivered tolerable dose to a large surface area when a threshold of multiple, separated beams was reached. The radiochromic film data support the feasibility of the construct of the LCRS kV radiotherapy system design.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T09:09:00Z","timestamp":1628845740000},"page":"5947-5958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dosimetry of a novel converging X\u2010ray source for kilovoltage radiotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Tyler","family":"Stalbaum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Imatrex Inc. and Precision RT Inc.  Las Vegas Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larry","family":"Partain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imatrex Inc. and Precision RT Inc.  Las Vegas Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Weil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imatrex Inc. and Precision RT Inc.  Las Vegas Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imatrex Inc. and Precision RT Inc.  Las Vegas Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae Y.","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imatrex Inc. and Precision RT Inc.  Las Vegas Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Plies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imatrex Inc. and Precision RT Inc.  Las Vegas Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imatrex Inc. and Precision RT Inc.  Las Vegas Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vitaliy","family":"Ziskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imatrex Inc. and Precision RT Inc.  Las Vegas Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Bazalova\u2010Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Victoria  Victoria Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imatrex Inc. and Precision RT Inc.  Las Vegas Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roy","family":"Rand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imatrex Inc. and Precision RT Inc.  Las Vegas Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imatrex Inc. and Precision RT Inc.  Las Vegas Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"MartinM.Shielding design methods for radiation oncology departments.Lecture presented at: American College of Medical Physics 25th Annual Meeting May 4 2008;Seattle WA."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(85)90141-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","article-title":"Comparisons of 6 fps volume\u2010rendered x\u2010ray digital tomosynthesis TumoTrak\u2122\u2010guided to 2D MRI\u2010guided radiotherapy of lung cancer","author":"Partain L","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc SPIE"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14137"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","article-title":"200 kV X\u2010ray source for radiotherapy and imaging: preliminary results and discussion","author":"Stalbaum T","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc SPIE"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"ZankowskiC AdelsheimC PyyryJ KuuselaE. 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